BOOKS Newest Releases

Evidence Explained is the definitive guide to the citation and analysis of historical sources--a guide so thorough that it leaves nothing to chance. While countless websites now suggest ways to identify their offerings, few of those address the analytical needs of a researcher concerned with the nature and provenance of web material, whose numerous incarnations and transformations often affect the reliability of their content.

In the two years since the Third Edition was published, changes at major repositories and online information providers--as well as the ever-evolving electronic world--have generated new citation and analysis challenges for researchers. As a consequence, Mrs. Mills has once again revised her citation models and added descriptions and evaluations of numerous contemporary materials not included in the original Third Edition. Here are the major changes you will find in this revised Third Edition:

• Changes to about 75 pages in the text and index
•  
• New citations for the National Archives (NARA) website and manner of identifying documents
•  
• Updates for citing DAR's revamped website and databases
•  
• Alterations in citations for the DAR website and database
•  
• Immigration citations reflecting changed records at the Ellis Island website

"The latest revision of this style manual, meant specifically for historical research and family genealogy work, builds upon the previous editions by adding new citation models, updates to websites, and information on new materials. There are more than 1,000 citation models covering print, microfilm and microfiche, websites, digital books and journals, DVDs, CDs, podcasts, and more. The glossary and bibliography have also been expanded. Libraries owning a previous edition will want to update; those where historical research-- particularly genealogy--is important will want to acquire it as well."--Rebecca Vnuk, Booklist (Sept. 1, 2017)

"The definitive guide for how to cite every conceivable kind of source a historian might use, from traditional archival materials to digital media to the most arcane sources imaginable."—John B. Boles, William P. Hobby Professor of History, Rice University

"Twenty-first century technology confronts historians and students with a bewildering proliferation of information some of it accurate and too much of it dubious. In Evidence Explained, Mills demonstrates how to separate the wheat from the chaff and how to report one’s sources and achievements. This encyclopedic guidebook is an invaluable resource for historians, students and editors alike."—Jon Kukla, author of Mr. Jefferson’s Women and A Wilderness So Immense: The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America

"Historians will welcome the publication of this detailed guide to citations. Even avid users of The Chicago Manual of Style regularly encounter sources for which that handbook gives no guidance. Now we can turn to Elizabeth Shown Mills’s comprehensive work."—Journal of Southern History

"A key resource guide for scholars and serious researchers who must rely upon and understand historical evidence. Highly recommended."—R.V. Labaree, Choice

"This is an essential resource for family historians; highly recommended for all libraries."—Library Journal (First edition: Library Journal Best Reference 2007)

"In standardizing a family history style, Mills has advanced the discipline. She has given researchers, writers, editors, and publishers invaluable new tools to bring quality and consistency to their work and distinction to the field."—National Genealogical Society Quarterly

"Meant not only as a style guide for the types of source citations used by historians and genealogists, this book also discusses why analysis of information within the total context of a source is imperative to understanding the nature of a fact. Citations not only tell where the source was found, but also can indicate a level of confidence to knowledgeable researchers."—Association of Professional Genealogists Quarterly

** Library Journal’s Best Reference 2007 **
** Winner of the National Genealogical Society’s 2008 Award of Excellence**

Evidence Explained is the definitive guide to the citation and analysis of historical sources--a guide so thorough that it leaves nothing to chance. While countless websites now suggest ways to identify their offerings, few of those address the analytical needs of a researcher concerned with the nature and provenance of web material, whose numerous incarnations and transformations often affect the reliability of their content.

In the two years since the Third Edition was published, changes at major repositories and online information providers--as well as the ever-evolving electronic world--have generated new citation and analysis challenges for researchers. As a consequence, Mrs. Mills has once again revised her citation models and added descriptions and evaluations of numerous contemporary materials not included in the original Third Edition. Here are the major changes you will find in this revised Third Edition:

• Changes to about 75 pages in the text and index
•  
• New citations for the National Archives (NARA) website and manner of identifying documents
•  
• Updates for citing DAR's revamped website and databases
•  
• Alterations in citations for the DAR website and database
•  
• Immigration citations reflecting changed records at the Ellis Island website

"The latest revision of this style manual, meant specifically for historical research and family genealogy work, builds upon the previous editions by adding new citation models, updates to websites, and information on new materials. There are more than 1,000 citation models covering print, microfilm and microfiche, websites, digital books and journals, DVDs, CDs, podcasts, and more. The glossary and bibliography have also been expanded. Libraries owning a previous edition will want to update; those where historical research-- particularly genealogy--is important will want to acquire it as well."--Rebecca Vnuk, Booklist (Sept. 1, 2017)

"The definitive guide for how to cite every conceivable kind of source a historian might use, from traditional archival materials to digital media to the most arcane sources imaginable."—John B. Boles, William P. Hobby Professor of History, Rice University

"Twenty-first century technology confronts historians and students with a bewildering proliferation of information some of it accurate and too much of it dubious. In Evidence Explained, Mills demonstrates how to separate the wheat from the chaff and how to report one’s sources and achievements. This encyclopedic guidebook is an invaluable resource for historians, students and editors alike."—Jon Kukla, author of Mr. Jefferson’s Women and A Wilderness So Immense: The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America

"Historians will welcome the publication of this detailed guide to citations. Even avid users of The Chicago Manual of Style regularly encounter sources for which that handbook gives no guidance. Now we can turn to Elizabeth Shown Mills’s comprehensive work."—Journal of Southern History

"A key resource guide for scholars and serious researchers who must rely upon and understand historical evidence. Highly recommended."—R.V. Labaree, Choice

"This is an essential resource for family historians; highly recommended for all libraries."—Library Journal (First edition: Library Journal Best Reference 2007)

"In standardizing a family history style, Mills has advanced the discipline. She has given researchers, writers, editors, and publishers invaluable new tools to bring quality and consistency to their work and distinction to the field."—National Genealogical Society Quarterly

"Meant not only as a style guide for the types of source citations used by historians and genealogists, this book also discusses why analysis of information within the total context of a source is imperative to understanding the nature of a fact. Citations not only tell where the source was found, but also can indicate a level of confidence to knowledgeable researchers."—Association of Professional Genealogists Quarterly

** Library Journal’s Best Reference 2007 **
** Winner of the National Genealogical Society’s 2008 Award of Excellence**

Most Americans with sizable New England Yankee, mid-Atlantic Quaker, or Southern "planter" ancestry are descended from medieval kings--kings of England, Scotland and France especially. This book tells you how. Outlined on 997 pages of charts are the best royal descents--i.e., from the most recent king—of 900 (actually 970) immigrants to the American colonies, Quebec, or the United States who were themselves notable or left descendants notable in American history. This volume is a massive expansion on previous books on this topic, even the author’s own 1993 and 2004 volumes, The Royal Descents of 500 Immigrants and The Royal Descents of 600 Immigrants. To the latter new work adds over 85 colonial immigrants, over 150 nineteenth- and twentieth-century immigrants, and 45 French Canadians (about half from France to Quebec, and half from Quebec to the U.S.).

The Royal Descents of 900 Immigrants is also a comprehensive survey, undertaken over a period of more than 50 years, of virtually all printed sources that lead to these royal lines. A survey of this size has never before been attempted. The result is a book that quantitatively and qualitatively redefines this area of genealogical research and outlines--definitively to date--American genealogical links to medieval kings and their "dark age" and “ancient world” forebears. It summarizes all pertinent research published through 2017 and is by far the most comprehensive treatment of the subject in print. RD900 does not supersede such works as Weis’s Ancestral Roots and Magna Charta Sureties; Plantagenet Ancestry, or Magna Carta Ancestry; or the five-volume 2013 Royal Ancestry by Douglas Richardson; The Complete Peerage; or the Europäische Stammtafeln series. Rather, RD900 builds on and outlines the "best" royal descents from these and similar works, providing a bibliography for each immigrant and ready means of access to royal-descent literature.

Of the 970 immigrants treated in this work, 489 came to the American colonies and left descendants, in some cases now numbering several million, but almost always many thousands. Among the progeny of each of the 489 is at least one figure in the Dictionary of American Biography, American National Biography, or similar works covering 20,000 or more important people in American history. The remaining immigrants (colonial governors or other officials, "Great Awakening" or Revolutionary figures who often returned to Europe, and many nineteenth- and early twentieth-century notables) collectively suggest much about distant kinships of living Americans, the total contributions to American life of persons of noble, royal, and gentle ancestry, and genealogical connections between Americans and many major leaders in world history.

The index to both volumes appears at the end of Volume I.

Most Americans with sizable New England Yankee, mid-Atlantic Quaker, or Southern "planter" ancestry are descended from medieval kings--kings of England, Scotland and France especially. This book tells you how. Outlined on 997 pages of charts are the best royal descents--i.e., from the most recent king—of 900 (actually 970) immigrants to the American colonies, Quebec, or the United States who were themselves notable or left descendants notable in American history. This volume is a massive expansion on previous books on this topic, even the author’s own 1993 and 2004 volumes, The Royal Descents of 500 Immigrants and The Royal Descents of 600 Immigrants. To the latter new work adds over 85 colonial immigrants, over 150 nineteenth- and twentieth-century immigrants, and 45 French Canadians (about half from France to Quebec, and half from Quebec to the U.S.).

The Royal Descents of 900 Immigrants is also a comprehensive survey, undertaken over a period of more than 50 years, of virtually all printed sources that lead to these royal lines. A survey of this size has never before been attempted. The result is a book that quantitatively and qualitatively redefines this area of genealogical research and outlines--definitively to date--American genealogical links to medieval kings and their "dark age" and “ancient world” forebears. It summarizes all pertinent research published through 2017 and is by far the most comprehensive treatment of the subject in print. RD900 does not supersede such works as Weis’s Ancestral Roots and Magna Charta Sureties; Plantagenet Ancestry, or Magna Carta Ancestry; or the five-volume 2013 Royal Ancestry by Douglas Richardson; The Complete Peerage; or the Europäische Stammtafeln series. Rather, RD900 builds on and outlines the "best" royal descents from these and similar works, providing a bibliography for each immigrant and ready means of access to royal-descent literature.

Of the 970 immigrants treated in this work, 489 came to the American colonies and left descendants, in some cases now numbering several million, but almost always many thousands. Among the progeny of each of the 489 is at least one figure in the Dictionary of American Biography, American National Biography, or similar works covering 20,000 or more important people in American history. The remaining immigrants (colonial governors or other officials, "Great Awakening" or Revolutionary figures who often returned to Europe, and many nineteenth- and early twentieth-century notables) collectively suggest much about distant kinships of living Americans, the total contributions to American life of persons of noble, royal, and gentle ancestry, and genealogical connections between Americans and many major leaders in world history.

The index to both volumes appears at the end of Volume I.

In 2001 twenty-three genealogists collaborated to produce the first-ever textbook outlining professional standards and practices in the discipline of genealogy. Edited by Elizabeth Shown Mills, the groundbreaking Professional Genealogy: A Manual for Researchers, Writers, Editors, Lecturers & Librarians (ProGen) addressed not just genealogy sources but also strategies and analytical skills, best practices and standards for historical research, and how to conduct a genealogical business. It remains a go-to manual for genealogists.

Now a new generation of genealogical educators have given the field an entirely new guide to the profession of genealogy--offering fresh insights and new specialties, grounded in more-solid standards and wider experiences and applications. In twenty-six chapters, written by twenty-two experts and edited by Elizabeth Shown Mills, Professional Genealogy: Preparation, Practice & Standards (ProGen PPS) is an invaluable resource for professional genealogists and students, as well as all family history researchers. "From genetic and forensic genealogy to ethics and contracts, business structures, marketing, writing, editing, and preparing books for press, ProGen PPS promises to inspire thought processes and ignite new discussions"(Billie Stone Fogarty, M. Ed. President, Association of Professional Genealogists).

"Searching for roots" is a popular hobby, but genealogy is a discipline. From courts of law to government agencies, from medical research projects to television shows, reliable genealogical research is an essential in modern societies. The public sector needs professionals who know historical archives well but, more importantly, understand the strengths and weaknesses of individual records. It needs professionals skilled not only in research principles but the far more difficult challenge of proving identities and kinship. It needs professionals who understand proof and the standards that produce reliable evidence.

ProGen PPS provides a complete course of instruction to prepare genealogists for a career in a complex field. Whether you discover this career path as a young adult or come into genealogy as a mature researcher trained in another professional discipline, ProGen PPS will ground you in the essential practices, standards, and language of genealogy--those expected by courts, government agencies, and others who commission research. If you are a librarian or archivist who assists family historians on a daily basis, ProGen PPS provides a framework to coach them well. If you are a family or local historian, seeking to learn and preserve your heritage, ProGen PPS will help you avoid common pitfalls and guide you through the production of quality works.

Reviews

About the Author

In 2001 twenty-three genealogists collaborated to produce the first-ever textbook outlining professional standards and practices in the discipline of genealogy. Edited by Elizabeth Shown Mills, the groundbreaking Professional Genealogy: A Manual for Researchers, Writers, Editors, Lecturers & Librarians (ProGen) addressed not just genealogy sources but also strategies and analytical skills, best practices and standards for historical research, and how to conduct a genealogical business. It remains a go-to manual for genealogists.

Now a new generation of genealogical educators have given the field an entirely new guide to the profession of genealogy--offering fresh insights and new specialties, grounded in more-solid standards and wider experiences and applications. In twenty-six chapters, written by twenty-two experts and edited by Elizabeth Shown Mills, Professional Genealogy: Preparation, Practice & Standards (ProGen PPS) is an invaluable resource for professional genealogists and students, as well as all family history researchers. "From genetic and forensic genealogy to ethics and contracts, business structures, marketing, writing, editing, and preparing books for press, ProGen PPS promises to inspire thought processes and ignite new discussions"(Billie Stone Fogarty, M. Ed. President, Association of Professional Genealogists).

"Searching for roots" is a popular hobby, but genealogy is a discipline. From courts of law to government agencies, from medical research projects to television shows, reliable genealogical research is an essential in modern societies. The public sector needs professionals who know historical archives well but, more importantly, understand the strengths and weaknesses of individual records. It needs professionals skilled not only in research principles but the far more difficult challenge of proving identities and kinship. It needs professionals who understand proof and the standards that produce reliable evidence.

ProGen PPS provides a complete course of instruction to prepare genealogists for a career in a complex field. Whether you discover this career path as a young adult or come into genealogy as a mature researcher trained in another professional discipline, ProGen PPS will ground you in the essential practices, standards, and language of genealogy--those expected by courts, government agencies, and others who commission research. If you are a librarian or archivist who assists family historians on a daily basis, ProGen PPS provides a framework to coach them well. If you are a family or local historian, seeking to learn and preserve your heritage, ProGen PPS will help you avoid common pitfalls and guide you through the production of quality works.

Reviews

About the Author

"The challenge I give to the genealogist is to reach beyond the vital statistics to a new world of understanding, both of his ancestors and of himself. . . . Someone has said that there is little point in digging up an ancestor if you are not going to make him live"-- Val D. Greenwood

In every field of study, there is one book that rises above the rest in stature and authority and becomes the standard work in the field. In genealogy that book is Val Greenwood's Researcher's Guide to American Genealogy. Arguably the best book ever written on American genealogy, it instructs the researcher in the timeless principles of genealogical research, while identifying the most current classes of records and research tools.

Research in family history has experienced unprecedented changes since the year 2000, when the 3rd edition of this book was published—changes surpassing anything that most of us even dreamed of at that time. These changes have come about because of the significant technological advances that have greatly facilitated genealogy research.

This new 4th edition of The Researcher's Guide has been completely updated, incorporating all the latest developments, principles, and resources relevant to family history research. There are now two chapters about technology as it relates to family history research--one dealing with significant concepts and definitions and the other with specific resources and applications, including major family history websites and Internet resources. In addition, virtually every chapter provides information on Internet websites pertinent to the subject discussed in that chapter.

However, despite the fact that the steps involving family history research are greatly facilitated and enhanced by modern technology, it is still essential to search all available records for all persons of your surname(s) of interest, and to carefully analyze and evaluate all the information you find to determine if and how it provides evidence that relates to your objectives. Good instructional guidance is critical to the success of family history research, and this is where The Researcher's Guide is unsurpassed. It is both a textbook and an all-purpose reference book, designed to help the present generation of family history researchers better understand the methods and principles of family history research, and learn how to utilize all available resources. As Val Greenwood writes, "These are our ancestors we are talking about here; we owe it to them to get it right."

This new 4th edition provides a clear, comprehensive, and up-to-date account of American genealogy—no sound genealogical project is complete without it.

"Recommended as the most comprehensive how-to book on American genealogical and local history research."—Library Journal

"The challenge I give to the genealogist is to reach beyond the vital statistics to a new world of understanding, both of his ancestors and of himself. . . . Someone has said that there is little point in digging up an ancestor if you are not going to make him live"-- Val D. Greenwood

In every field of study, there is one book that rises above the rest in stature and authority and becomes the standard work in the field. In genealogy that book is Val Greenwood's Researcher's Guide to American Genealogy. Arguably the best book ever written on American genealogy, it instructs the researcher in the timeless principles of genealogical research, while identifying the most current classes of records and research tools.

Research in family history has experienced unprecedented changes since the year 2000, when the 3rd edition of this book was published—changes surpassing anything that most of us even dreamed of at that time. These changes have come about because of the significant technological advances that have greatly facilitated genealogy research.

This new 4th edition of The Researcher's Guide has been completely updated, incorporating all the latest developments, principles, and resources relevant to family history research. There are now two chapters about technology as it relates to family history research--one dealing with significant concepts and definitions and the other with specific resources and applications, including major family history websites and Internet resources. In addition, virtually every chapter provides information on Internet websites pertinent to the subject discussed in that chapter.

However, despite the fact that the steps involving family history research are greatly facilitated and enhanced by modern technology, it is still essential to search all available records for all persons of your surname(s) of interest, and to carefully analyze and evaluate all the information you find to determine if and how it provides evidence that relates to your objectives. Good instructional guidance is critical to the success of family history research, and this is where The Researcher's Guide is unsurpassed. It is both a textbook and an all-purpose reference book, designed to help the present generation of family history researchers better understand the methods and principles of family history research, and learn how to utilize all available resources. As Val Greenwood writes, "These are our ancestors we are talking about here; we owe it to them to get it right."

This new 4th edition provides a clear, comprehensive, and up-to-date account of American genealogy—no sound genealogical project is complete without it.

"Recommended as the most comprehensive how-to book on American genealogical and local history research."—Library Journal

This is the 7th edition of the International Vital Records Handbook, a resource that is even more valuable today than it was when it was first published. Not only does it give persons needing certification of their own important life events the tools needed to obtain these certificates, it also gives genealogists and historians the location--both online and on-site--of vital records databases and indexes, as well as other resources that could help further their research.

At one time or another everyone needs copies of birth, marriage, civil union, divorce, death, or pre-adoption certificates for driver's licenses, passports, jobs, Social Security, family history research, school enrollment, proof of citizenship, or simple proof of identity. But the fact is that the requirements and fees needed to obtain copies of vital records vary from state to state and from country to country, often requiring tedious research and wading through confusing websites of large agencies before the appropriate forms can be obtained and the correct procedures followed. The International Vital Records Handbook will put an end to all that, as it offers complete, up-to-date information on where and how to request vital records. It also includes copies of the application forms, where available, thus simplifying and speeding up the process by which vital records are obtained, regardless of the number or type of application forms required.

This edition contains

• the latest application forms and ordering information for each of the fifty states and, where available, for the other countries of the world;
• details about records that were created prior to statewide vital records registration;
• information on which records are restricted and for how long, and whether "informational" or uncertified copies of records are available to genealogy researchers;
• locations of vital records collections, online databases, and institutions of interest to genealogy researchers;
• adoption search contact information and, where available, pre-adoption birth record and adoption search applications;
• key addresses of repositories or embassies that might help you obtain copies of vital records in countries where neither a centralized vital records registration system nor a vital records application form is available.

Locating vital records and navigating your way through the various privacy laws and storage facilities can be difficult. The International Vital Records Handbook will make the process immeasurably easier.

This is the 7th edition of the International Vital Records Handbook, a resource that is even more valuable today than it was when it was first published. Not only does it give persons needing certification of their own important life events the tools needed to obtain these certificates, it also gives genealogists and historians the location--both online and on-site--of vital records databases and indexes, as well as other resources that could help further their research.

At one time or another everyone needs copies of birth, marriage, civil union, divorce, death, or pre-adoption certificates for driver's licenses, passports, jobs, Social Security, family history research, school enrollment, proof of citizenship, or simple proof of identity. But the fact is that the requirements and fees needed to obtain copies of vital records vary from state to state and from country to country, often requiring tedious research and wading through confusing websites of large agencies before the appropriate forms can be obtained and the correct procedures followed. The International Vital Records Handbook will put an end to all that, as it offers complete, up-to-date information on where and how to request vital records. It also includes copies of the application forms, where available, thus simplifying and speeding up the process by which vital records are obtained, regardless of the number or type of application forms required.

This edition contains

• the latest application forms and ordering information for each of the fifty states and, where available, for the other countries of the world;
• details about records that were created prior to statewide vital records registration;
• information on which records are restricted and for how long, and whether "informational" or uncertified copies of records are available to genealogy researchers;
• locations of vital records collections, online databases, and institutions of interest to genealogy researchers;
• adoption search contact information and, where available, pre-adoption birth record and adoption search applications;
• key addresses of repositories or embassies that might help you obtain copies of vital records in countries where neither a centralized vital records registration system nor a vital records application form is available.

Locating vital records and navigating your way through the various privacy laws and storage facilities can be difficult. The International Vital Records Handbook will make the process immeasurably easier.

During the 17th century, as many as 100,000 Scottish Lowlanders relocated to the Plantation of Ulster (Northern Ireland). Within a few generations, the descendants of these Ulster Scots emigrated in substantial numbers across the Atlantic, where, as the Scotch-Irish (Scots-Irish), they made a major contribution to the settlement and development of colonial America.

This is the tenth part in a series compiled by Mr. Dobson to identify the Lowland Scots who migrated to Ulster between 1575 and 1725--many of whose progeny may have immigrated to America. This volume is based largely on research carried out into both manuscript and published sources located in Scotland, Ireland, England, and the Netherlands. In all, this indexed and fully sourced publication identifies an additional 3,500 persons--including a few people of Anglo-Irish or indigenous Irish origin--who may have immigrated to North America during the period under investigation. Here is just one of them:

BLACKWOOD, JOHN, a tenant in Ballymacormick and Ballyleely near Bangor, County Down, in 1681. [HM]; John Blackwood of Ballyleidy, born 1662, died 11 July 1720, husband of Ann Blackwood, born 1673, died 12 September 1741. [Old Abbey Church gravestone, Bangor, County Down]

During the 17th century, as many as 100,000 Scottish Lowlanders relocated to the Plantation of Ulster (Northern Ireland). Within a few generations, the descendants of these Ulster Scots emigrated in substantial numbers across the Atlantic, where, as the Scotch-Irish (Scots-Irish), they made a major contribution to the settlement and development of colonial America.

This is the tenth part in a series compiled by Mr. Dobson to identify the Lowland Scots who migrated to Ulster between 1575 and 1725--many of whose progeny may have immigrated to America. This volume is based largely on research carried out into both manuscript and published sources located in Scotland, Ireland, England, and the Netherlands. In all, this indexed and fully sourced publication identifies an additional 3,500 persons--including a few people of Anglo-Irish or indigenous Irish origin--who may have immigrated to North America during the period under investigation. Here is just one of them:

BLACKWOOD, JOHN, a tenant in Ballymacormick and Ballyleely near Bangor, County Down, in 1681. [HM]; John Blackwood of Ballyleidy, born 1662, died 11 July 1720, husband of Ann Blackwood, born 1673, died 12 September 1741. [Old Abbey Church gravestone, Bangor, County Down]

Cork lies on the south-west coast of Ireland, in the Province of Munster, and is one of the biggest cities on the island. From the 17th century onward the port of Cork had significant trading links with America and the West Indies and became a major port used by Irish emigrants. The port of Cork was where many convoys assembled before crossing the Atlantic during the wars of the 18th century. The motto of the city of Cork, statio fida carinis, which translated is "a trustworthy anchorage for ships," symbolizes why Cork became the principal harbor of the region and was of supreme importance for trade and emigration. Cork was an important link with the colonies in America and the Caribbean, with Bristol and other British ports, and with major Continental ports as well.

This book, part of a series devoted to the 17th- and 18th-century populations of important cities in Ireland, has been researched and compiled from a range of primary sources, mainly in Ireland but also in England, Scotland, the Netherlands, and the United States. While it is in no way comprehensive, the book does identify several thousand inhabitants of the city of Cork during the 17th and 18th centuries whose families could have ultimately made their way to the Americas, and often leads to documents that should facilitate the research undertaken by historians and genealogists interested in the people of Cork. Most entries identify the inhabitant by name, occupation, and a date. A number of them also provide such additional information as the names of family members, when emigrated, education, military service, and so on.

Cork lies on the south-west coast of Ireland, in the Province of Munster, and is one of the biggest cities on the island. From the 17th century onward the port of Cork had significant trading links with America and the West Indies and became a major port used by Irish emigrants. The port of Cork was where many convoys assembled before crossing the Atlantic during the wars of the 18th century. The motto of the city of Cork, statio fida carinis, which translated is "a trustworthy anchorage for ships," symbolizes why Cork became the principal harbor of the region and was of supreme importance for trade and emigration. Cork was an important link with the colonies in America and the Caribbean, with Bristol and other British ports, and with major Continental ports as well.

This book, part of a series devoted to the 17th- and 18th-century populations of important cities in Ireland, has been researched and compiled from a range of primary sources, mainly in Ireland but also in England, Scotland, the Netherlands, and the United States. While it is in no way comprehensive, the book does identify several thousand inhabitants of the city of Cork during the 17th and 18th centuries whose families could have ultimately made their way to the Americas, and often leads to documents that should facilitate the research undertaken by historians and genealogists interested in the people of Cork. Most entries identify the inhabitant by name, occupation, and a date. A number of them also provide such additional information as the names of family members, when emigrated, education, military service, and so on.

The eighteenth century saw the transformation of the economy and society of Scotland from being relatively primitive, compared to those of mercantile rivals England and the Netherlands, to being one of the most-developed European nations of the period. Several factors came together to create this situation, of which the single-most important was Scotland’s level of participation in transatlantic trade.  Raw materials were obtained from the American colonies, which allowed Scotland to process new items for trade, notably tobacco and timber. Also, benefits were increasingly obtained from the access to capital, technology, and expertise from England, Holland, and France--all feeding the industrial revolution in Scotland.

The colonial city of Charleston, South Carolina, grew to become the center of commerce for the southern region of British North America, comprising South Carolina, much of North Carolina, and Georgia. This region had links with the West Indies, Africa, the lower Mississippi valley, and latterly Florida. It largely produced, processed, and exported all the major colonial raw materials, timber, furs, sugar, rice, indigo, and--to a small extent--tobacco.

Drawing upon original sources found in both Scotland and Charleston, David Dobson here identifies the Scots merchants doing business in Charleston as well the merchants in Scotland with whom they traded. Also covered are the quantities and types of goods bought and sold; the importance of family connections and networking in the success of Scotland’s trading ventures, both in financial terms and the wider commercial activities generated; the role of ship-building; Scottish emigration, both voluntary and involuntary; and other factors that characterized the Charleston-Scotland nexus.

As eighteenth-century South Carolina was unarguably an economy based on slavery, it was virtually impossible for any resident there not to be either directly or indirectly involved in the use of slave labor. Chapter Five of this work examines the extent to which--and in which capacities--Scots participated in the slave trade between Africa, the West Indies, and South Carolina. It considers the selection of slaves; their transportation, sale, and eventual employment in the colony; and the available evidence of the number of slaving voyages in which the Charleston Scots were involved, the numbers of slaves landed in Charleston, and the locations in Africa or the West Indies from which they came. 

Another chapter deals with colonial produce exported by Scots merchants from Charleston bound for Scotland and Europe. It examines the items despatched, either raw materials or semi-processed goods that Charleston was in a position to export, and the extent to which they were locally produced within South Carolina or brought in from elsewhere in America, the colonies in and around the Caribbean, or even Africa. The chapter shows the markets that these merchants supplied and how the restrictions of the Navigation Acts were set aside to enable commerce to expand. It also covers the impact of international rivalry and periods of hostilities on the Charleston trade. 

Most of Dobson’s original research for Scottish Trade with Colonial Charleston was conducted in Charleston, London, and Edinburgh. The main sources were the library of the South Carolina Historical Society in Charleston, the National Archives (formerly the Public Record Office) in London, and National Records of Scotland in Edinburgh (formerly the Scottish Record Office). The State Library in Raleigh, North Carolina, especially its massive British Colonial Records collection, was another major source of information.

The eighteenth century saw the transformation of the economy and society of Scotland from being relatively primitive, compared to those of mercantile rivals England and the Netherlands, to being one of the most-developed European nations of the period. Several factors came together to create this situation, of which the single-most important was Scotland’s level of participation in transatlantic trade.  Raw materials were obtained from the American colonies, which allowed Scotland to process new items for trade, notably tobacco and timber. Also, benefits were increasingly obtained from the access to capital, technology, and expertise from England, Holland, and France--all feeding the industrial revolution in Scotland.

The colonial city of Charleston, South Carolina, grew to become the center of commerce for the southern region of British North America, comprising South Carolina, much of North Carolina, and Georgia. This region had links with the West Indies, Africa, the lower Mississippi valley, and latterly Florida. It largely produced, processed, and exported all the major colonial raw materials, timber, furs, sugar, rice, indigo, and--to a small extent--tobacco.

Drawing upon original sources found in both Scotland and Charleston, David Dobson here identifies the Scots merchants doing business in Charleston as well the merchants in Scotland with whom they traded. Also covered are the quantities and types of goods bought and sold; the importance of family connections and networking in the success of Scotland’s trading ventures, both in financial terms and the wider commercial activities generated; the role of ship-building; Scottish emigration, both voluntary and involuntary; and other factors that characterized the Charleston-Scotland nexus.

As eighteenth-century South Carolina was unarguably an economy based on slavery, it was virtually impossible for any resident there not to be either directly or indirectly involved in the use of slave labor. Chapter Five of this work examines the extent to which--and in which capacities--Scots participated in the slave trade between Africa, the West Indies, and South Carolina. It considers the selection of slaves; their transportation, sale, and eventual employment in the colony; and the available evidence of the number of slaving voyages in which the Charleston Scots were involved, the numbers of slaves landed in Charleston, and the locations in Africa or the West Indies from which they came. 

Another chapter deals with colonial produce exported by Scots merchants from Charleston bound for Scotland and Europe. It examines the items despatched, either raw materials or semi-processed goods that Charleston was in a position to export, and the extent to which they were locally produced within South Carolina or brought in from elsewhere in America, the colonies in and around the Caribbean, or even Africa. The chapter shows the markets that these merchants supplied and how the restrictions of the Navigation Acts were set aside to enable commerce to expand. It also covers the impact of international rivalry and periods of hostilities on the Charleston trade. 

Most of Dobson’s original research for Scottish Trade with Colonial Charleston was conducted in Charleston, London, and Edinburgh. The main sources were the library of the South Carolina Historical Society in Charleston, the National Archives (formerly the Public Record Office) in London, and National Records of Scotland in Edinburgh (formerly the Scottish Record Office). The State Library in Raleigh, North Carolina, especially its massive British Colonial Records collection, was another major source of information.

The County of Fife is on the east coast of Scotland and lies between two river estuaries--to the south lies the Firth of Forth and to the north lies the Firth of Tay. During the Dark Ages, Fife formed a distinct Pictish kingdom, but since the medieval period it has been fully integrated into the kingdom of Scotland. King James VI of Scotland [later King James I of England] described Fife as "a beggar’s mantle with a golden fringe" due to the prosperity of the coastal burghs from St Andrews in the east to Kirkcaldy and Dunfermline in the west, with several important fishing villages lying in between.

During the period 1600-1799, the economy of Fife was based on exports of fish, coal, salt, agricultural produce, linen, and other textiles. Its seafaring communities were engaged in fishing and whaling, with trading voyages to ports in Scandinavia, the Baltic lands, Germany, the Netherlands, France, Spain, and the Americas. These shipping links led in due course to emigration. Among such emigrants were John Cunningham, who led a Danish expedition to Greenland and Labrador in 1605, later settling in Norway; General John Forbes, who fought in the French and Indian War and is buried in Philadelphia; and Samuel Greig, 1735-1788, the founder of the Russian Navy. Another notable son was Adam Smith, 1723-1790, economist and author of The Wealth of Nations, who was born in Kirkcaldy.

This book is based on research into primary source material, both manuscript and printed, largely found in archives in both Fife and in Edinburgh. Dr. Dobson’s sources included the Kirkcaldy burgess rolls, the Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, and newspapers such as the Edinburgh Advertiser and Edinburgh Evening Courant. While the contents of the 2,000-plus entries of Fife inhabitants varies considerably, the following sample conveys an idea of what researchers may hope to find in the work as a whole:

WEST, JAMES, born 11 June 1791, son of John West in Kirkcaldy, emigrated to America in 1815, settled in Wood County, West Virginia, died in Fox Township, Ohio, in 1851. [OVG.125]

The County of Fife is on the east coast of Scotland and lies between two river estuaries--to the south lies the Firth of Forth and to the north lies the Firth of Tay. During the Dark Ages, Fife formed a distinct Pictish kingdom, but since the medieval period it has been fully integrated into the kingdom of Scotland. King James VI of Scotland [later King James I of England] described Fife as "a beggar’s mantle with a golden fringe" due to the prosperity of the coastal burghs from St Andrews in the east to Kirkcaldy and Dunfermline in the west, with several important fishing villages lying in between.

During the period 1600-1799, the economy of Fife was based on exports of fish, coal, salt, agricultural produce, linen, and other textiles. Its seafaring communities were engaged in fishing and whaling, with trading voyages to ports in Scandinavia, the Baltic lands, Germany, the Netherlands, France, Spain, and the Americas. These shipping links led in due course to emigration. Among such emigrants were John Cunningham, who led a Danish expedition to Greenland and Labrador in 1605, later settling in Norway; General John Forbes, who fought in the French and Indian War and is buried in Philadelphia; and Samuel Greig, 1735-1788, the founder of the Russian Navy. Another notable son was Adam Smith, 1723-1790, economist and author of The Wealth of Nations, who was born in Kirkcaldy.

This book is based on research into primary source material, both manuscript and printed, largely found in archives in both Fife and in Edinburgh. Dr. Dobson’s sources included the Kirkcaldy burgess rolls, the Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, and newspapers such as the Edinburgh Advertiser and Edinburgh Evening Courant. While the contents of the 2,000-plus entries of Fife inhabitants varies considerably, the following sample conveys an idea of what researchers may hope to find in the work as a whole:

WEST, JAMES, born 11 June 1791, son of John West in Kirkcaldy, emigrated to America in 1815, settled in Wood County, West Virginia, died in Fox Township, Ohio, in 1851. [OVG.125]

The place name Strathmore is derived from the Gaelic words An Srath Mor, signifying the broad or big valley. Strathmore lies in eastern Scotland, between the Grampian Mountains and the Sidlaw Hills, and runs in a north-east direction from Perth through eastern Perthshire, toward the Mearns, alias Kincardineshire. Strathmore is a fertile valley containing several small towns and many farming communities.               

The emphasis of this book is on that part of Strathmore lying within the county of Angus (formerly known as Forfarshire); the western part of Strathmore, which lies in Perthshire, has been covered by David Dobson in his book The People of Lowland Perthshire. The People of Strathmore identifies people living in the small towns, or burghs, of Kirriemuir, Forfar, and Brechin, as well as all the parishes in the area.

The major land-owning families of Strathmore were the Lyons based at Glamis, the Ogilvies at Cortachy, the Lindsays at Edzell, the Guthries at Guthrie, and the Carnegies (antecedents of the famous Andrew) at Farnell and at Kinnaird. These families were generally Royalist and, together with their followers, gave substantial support to the Jacobite cause in the 18th century. The Davidsons--of Harley-Davidson fame--were from Strathmore, and the book contains one of that name there, obviously of an earlier generation.

The People of Strathmore identifies over 3,000 inhabitants of that area between 1600 and 1799. In compiling this work, David Dobson has drawn on numerous primary sources, including the Angus Archives, the National Records of Scotland in Edinburgh, the records of the Royal Burgh of Forfar, and the Register of the Privy Council of Scotland series. He identifies each of the alphabetically arranged Strathmore individuals by name, occupation or other status, a date, and the source of the data. When available, he also indicates the names of the inhabitant’s relatives, vessel traveled on, education, and other particulars.

The place name Strathmore is derived from the Gaelic words An Srath Mor, signifying the broad or big valley. Strathmore lies in eastern Scotland, between the Grampian Mountains and the Sidlaw Hills, and runs in a north-east direction from Perth through eastern Perthshire, toward the Mearns, alias Kincardineshire. Strathmore is a fertile valley containing several small towns and many farming communities.               

The emphasis of this book is on that part of Strathmore lying within the county of Angus (formerly known as Forfarshire); the western part of Strathmore, which lies in Perthshire, has been covered by David Dobson in his book The People of Lowland Perthshire. The People of Strathmore identifies people living in the small towns, or burghs, of Kirriemuir, Forfar, and Brechin, as well as all the parishes in the area.

The major land-owning families of Strathmore were the Lyons based at Glamis, the Ogilvies at Cortachy, the Lindsays at Edzell, the Guthries at Guthrie, and the Carnegies (antecedents of the famous Andrew) at Farnell and at Kinnaird. These families were generally Royalist and, together with their followers, gave substantial support to the Jacobite cause in the 18th century. The Davidsons--of Harley-Davidson fame--were from Strathmore, and the book contains one of that name there, obviously of an earlier generation.

The People of Strathmore identifies over 3,000 inhabitants of that area between 1600 and 1799. In compiling this work, David Dobson has drawn on numerous primary sources, including the Angus Archives, the National Records of Scotland in Edinburgh, the records of the Royal Burgh of Forfar, and the Register of the Privy Council of Scotland series. He identifies each of the alphabetically arranged Strathmore individuals by name, occupation or other status, a date, and the source of the data. When available, he also indicates the names of the inhabitant’s relatives, vessel traveled on, education, and other particulars.

From 1983 to 1993 the Genealogical Company published seven volumes in a series by David Dobson entitled Directory of Scottish Settlers in North America, 1625-1825. That series, which was based on a wide range of sources, was thought to have been completed by 1993, and thereafter the author's emphasis was on specific colonies or regions of the Americas--for example Scots in Georgia and the Deep South, 1735-1845, or Scots in Jamaica, 1655-1855--or related topics such as Ships from Scotland to America, 1628-1828. However, since 1993 Dobson's ongoing research in often obscure sources has unearthed a substantial number of references to Scottish immigrants in America, Canada, and the West Indies, for the period 1625-1825. The quantity and the quality of these sources--located in Scottish, English, American, Canadian and Dutch archives--has justified this volume of more than 1,000 references to early Scots in the Americas, many of which were previously unknown to researchers.

From 1983 to 1993 the Genealogical Company published seven volumes in a series by David Dobson entitled Directory of Scottish Settlers in North America, 1625-1825. That series, which was based on a wide range of sources, was thought to have been completed by 1993, and thereafter the author's emphasis was on specific colonies or regions of the Americas--for example Scots in Georgia and the Deep South, 1735-1845, or Scots in Jamaica, 1655-1855--or related topics such as Ships from Scotland to America, 1628-1828. However, since 1993 Dobson's ongoing research in often obscure sources has unearthed a substantial number of references to Scottish immigrants in America, Canada, and the West Indies, for the period 1625-1825. The quantity and the quality of these sources--located in Scottish, English, American, Canadian and Dutch archives--has justified this volume of more than 1,000 references to early Scots in the Americas, many of which were previously unknown to researchers.

In 1689 James Stuart, King of Scotland, England, and Ireland, abandoned his thrones and went into exile in France, to be replaced by William and Mary as sovereigns. Thereafter, there were several attempts by supporters of the House of Stuart, known as Jacobites, to replace the new House of Hanover and restore the former royal family. One of these was the Great Rising, alias "the '15." As a rough rule of thumb, Scotland north of Stirling was pro-Jacobite while south of Stirling it was pro-Hanoverian. Practical military support for the Stuarts came mainly from the conservative north-east of Scotland, the Grampian Highlands, and Inverness-shire. There were also pockets of Jacobitism in the Scottish Lowlands, Northumberland, Lancashire, and south-western England.

Who were the people who provided the military and civilian support that was so essential and who, in many cases, suffered transportation, exile, banishment, or a loss of social or economic position within their community? Information on the ordinary Jacobites is generally difficult to find, apart from those who fell into the hands of the government. This volume, however, provides a partial list of Jacobites of 1715 based on manuscript or printed primary sources. This compilation has been accumulated over several years, and some of the data has been used in Mr. Dobson’s previous books, such as Dictionary of Scots Banished to the American Plantations, 1650–1715. At the same time, there is significant new material in the book resulting from more intensive research; for example, from Richard MacGregor, who provided information on those Jacobites held in Lancaster Jail. Another new source was the Sheriff Court of Argyll, where all adult men living in Mull, Iona, Tiree, and other islands, as well on Morvern, were identified as to name, residence, weapons held, and whether they had fought for the Jacobite cause in 1715. Dr. Dobson has also scrutinized burgh records and estate papers of major landowners, such as the Earl of Dalhousie. In all, this mostly new collection identifies about 2,500 Jacobites of 1715 by name, date, place, and source, and in many cases by locality of origin, name of family member(s), name of vessel traveled upon, and destination in the Americas.

In 1689 James Stuart, King of Scotland, England, and Ireland, abandoned his thrones and went into exile in France, to be replaced by William and Mary as sovereigns. Thereafter, there were several attempts by supporters of the House of Stuart, known as Jacobites, to replace the new House of Hanover and restore the former royal family. One of these was the Great Rising, alias "the '15." As a rough rule of thumb, Scotland north of Stirling was pro-Jacobite while south of Stirling it was pro-Hanoverian. Practical military support for the Stuarts came mainly from the conservative north-east of Scotland, the Grampian Highlands, and Inverness-shire. There were also pockets of Jacobitism in the Scottish Lowlands, Northumberland, Lancashire, and south-western England.

Who were the people who provided the military and civilian support that was so essential and who, in many cases, suffered transportation, exile, banishment, or a loss of social or economic position within their community? Information on the ordinary Jacobites is generally difficult to find, apart from those who fell into the hands of the government. This volume, however, provides a partial list of Jacobites of 1715 based on manuscript or printed primary sources. This compilation has been accumulated over several years, and some of the data has been used in Mr. Dobson’s previous books, such as Dictionary of Scots Banished to the American Plantations, 1650–1715. At the same time, there is significant new material in the book resulting from more intensive research; for example, from Richard MacGregor, who provided information on those Jacobites held in Lancaster Jail. Another new source was the Sheriff Court of Argyll, where all adult men living in Mull, Iona, Tiree, and other islands, as well on Morvern, were identified as to name, residence, weapons held, and whether they had fought for the Jacobite cause in 1715. Dr. Dobson has also scrutinized burgh records and estate papers of major landowners, such as the Earl of Dalhousie. In all, this mostly new collection identifies about 2,500 Jacobites of 1715 by name, date, place, and source, and in many cases by locality of origin, name of family member(s), name of vessel traveled upon, and destination in the Americas.

Warwick County, which merged with the city of Warwick in 1952, was one of Virginia's original shires upon its creation in 1634. (The name changed from Warwick River County to simply Warwick County in 1642-1643.) Transcriber Richard Dunn has previously compiled two volumes on the colonial records of this county (a large base volume and a 32-page supplement), referencing some 10,000 Warwick County colonists. Dunn’s continuing coverage of the Warwick records takes the form of this book, Warwick County, Virginia, Court Records, 1782-1847, In Transcription.

For this compilation Mr. Dunn examined original records at the Library of Virginia and two special collections at the Swem Library of the College of William and Mary, namely, the Virginia Counties collection and the Southall Papers. Arranged by repository and thereunder chronologically, the entries derive from court records, deeds, wills, writs, and a variety of miscellaneous records.

While the contents of the transcribed records vary, the wills and deeds, in particular, establish relationships between family members and, therefore, are of great value to Warwick County descendants. In the aggregate, moreover, these transcriptions identify thousands of additional residents of Warwick County between 1782 and 1847—with many of their antecedents. Thanks to Richard Dunn's indefatigable efforts—and the complete name index at the back of the volume--these heretofore inaccessible ancestors have not only been rescued from oblivion but are now available to us at the turn of a page.

Warwick County, which merged with the city of Warwick in 1952, was one of Virginia's original shires upon its creation in 1634. (The name changed from Warwick River County to simply Warwick County in 1642-1643.) Transcriber Richard Dunn has previously compiled two volumes on the colonial records of this county (a large base volume and a 32-page supplement), referencing some 10,000 Warwick County colonists. Dunn’s continuing coverage of the Warwick records takes the form of this book, Warwick County, Virginia, Court Records, 1782-1847, In Transcription.

For this compilation Mr. Dunn examined original records at the Library of Virginia and two special collections at the Swem Library of the College of William and Mary, namely, the Virginia Counties collection and the Southall Papers. Arranged by repository and thereunder chronologically, the entries derive from court records, deeds, wills, writs, and a variety of miscellaneous records.

While the contents of the transcribed records vary, the wills and deeds, in particular, establish relationships between family members and, therefore, are of great value to Warwick County descendants. In the aggregate, moreover, these transcriptions identify thousands of additional residents of Warwick County between 1782 and 1847—with many of their antecedents. Thanks to Richard Dunn's indefatigable efforts—and the complete name index at the back of the volume--these heretofore inaccessible ancestors have not only been rescued from oblivion but are now available to us at the turn of a page.

On a very basic level this is a book about slavery in Baltimore Maryland in the early 19th century. However, it is much, much more than that, as former Maryland State Archivist Edward C. Papenfuse’s introduction reveals. Dr. Papenfuse’s informative essay discusses what we have come to know about the conditions of urban life in the second decade of the 19th century. His introduction summarizes the recent scholarship about urban slavery, that of Baltimore’s in particular, and where we can turn for additional information on that subject.

Goodson and Hollie’s contribution to the social and racial history and genealogy of Baltimore in the wake of the War of 1812 now joins the ranks of that scholarship. Based primarily upon the original tax assessor ledgers for 1813 and 1818 housed at the Baltimore City Archives, this work identifies all free blacks and slave owners in Baltimore by name, race, address, occupation, names/ages of slaves owned (if any), and sometimes by nationality and other particulars.

The authors have supplemented the information found in the tax ledgers with data from city directories, census records, and books and journal articles about 19th-century Baltimore and Maryland. They examined newspapers, court records and biographies of some of the more prominent residents mentioned in the assessments so as to illuminate their lives in a number of biographical sketches. Genealogists, and particularly those of African descent, will find this information invaluable for their research, as it specifies the streets their forebears lived on, the occupations they followed, and the property, both real and human, on which they paid taxes.

African-American genealogists will be able to discover whether their ancestors were free or enslaved and, if enslaved, to whom they "belonged." Historians will be able to ferret out housing patterns, economic conditions, the role and relationships of women, the institution of slavery and the impact of the port/harbor on the economic development of Baltimore. Illustrated and possessing a complete name index, this work belongs in the collection of every African-American genealogist and historian.

On a very basic level this is a book about slavery in Baltimore Maryland in the early 19th century. However, it is much, much more than that, as former Maryland State Archivist Edward C. Papenfuse’s introduction reveals. Dr. Papenfuse’s informative essay discusses what we have come to know about the conditions of urban life in the second decade of the 19th century. His introduction summarizes the recent scholarship about urban slavery, that of Baltimore’s in particular, and where we can turn for additional information on that subject.

Goodson and Hollie’s contribution to the social and racial history and genealogy of Baltimore in the wake of the War of 1812 now joins the ranks of that scholarship. Based primarily upon the original tax assessor ledgers for 1813 and 1818 housed at the Baltimore City Archives, this work identifies all free blacks and slave owners in Baltimore by name, race, address, occupation, names/ages of slaves owned (if any), and sometimes by nationality and other particulars.

The authors have supplemented the information found in the tax ledgers with data from city directories, census records, and books and journal articles about 19th-century Baltimore and Maryland. They examined newspapers, court records and biographies of some of the more prominent residents mentioned in the assessments so as to illuminate their lives in a number of biographical sketches. Genealogists, and particularly those of African descent, will find this information invaluable for their research, as it specifies the streets their forebears lived on, the occupations they followed, and the property, both real and human, on which they paid taxes.

African-American genealogists will be able to discover whether their ancestors were free or enslaved and, if enslaved, to whom they "belonged." Historians will be able to ferret out housing patterns, economic conditions, the role and relationships of women, the institution of slavery and the impact of the port/harbor on the economic development of Baltimore. Illustrated and possessing a complete name index, this work belongs in the collection of every African-American genealogist and historian.

The frontier outpost of Natchitoches was the oldest settlement in all the 828,000 square miles of the Louisiana Purchase. Natchitoches was built by France along the Texas border as a buffer against Spanish and Indian aggression. For the next century and a half, it would be the hub for colonial trade with the Southwestern tribes and then the gateway to the west for hordes of Américains seeking new land after the Revolution.

Censuses, tax lists, and muster rolls for citizen soldiers and regular troops are prized "people finders." Natchitoches Colonials brings together an astounding number of them for colonial years—gleaned from archives in France, Spain, Cuba, and Mexico, as well the United States. Within these pages, researchers will find the following:

Censuses: 1722, 1726, 1766, 1774, 1787, and 1795--of which the 1787 census provides names and ages of every free man, woman, and child.

Marine troop lists: 1745, 1752, 1755–1759, and 1788—including monthly musters and dates of new arrivals across years in which no known ship rolls track immigration into the colony.

Militia musters: 1772, 1779, 1780, 1782, 1783, 1785, 1787, 1789, 1791, and 1793--documenting the citizen soldiers who defended the frontier and fought in the Bernardo Gàlvez campaigns of the American Revolution.

Tax rolls: 1774, 1790, 1793, 1794, 1795, and 1796--tallying land and enslaved people, debtors, and defaulters, by neighborhoods.

In all, Natchitoches Colonials contains 104 documents--including over 60 never-before published primary sources—making it a greatly expanded version of its 1981 predecessor.

(Researchers with connections to this region of Louisiana will be interested to learn that Natchitoches Colonials is the fifth book in Mrs. Mills’ six-volume Cane River Creole series. Volumes One through Four and Volume Six are available in Kindle editions from Amazon.com.)

The frontier outpost of Natchitoches was the oldest settlement in all the 828,000 square miles of the Louisiana Purchase. Natchitoches was built by France along the Texas border as a buffer against Spanish and Indian aggression. For the next century and a half, it would be the hub for colonial trade with the Southwestern tribes and then the gateway to the west for hordes of Américains seeking new land after the Revolution.

Censuses, tax lists, and muster rolls for citizen soldiers and regular troops are prized "people finders." Natchitoches Colonials brings together an astounding number of them for colonial years—gleaned from archives in France, Spain, Cuba, and Mexico, as well the United States. Within these pages, researchers will find the following:

Censuses: 1722, 1726, 1766, 1774, 1787, and 1795--of which the 1787 census provides names and ages of every free man, woman, and child.

Marine troop lists: 1745, 1752, 1755–1759, and 1788—including monthly musters and dates of new arrivals across years in which no known ship rolls track immigration into the colony.

Militia musters: 1772, 1779, 1780, 1782, 1783, 1785, 1787, 1789, 1791, and 1793--documenting the citizen soldiers who defended the frontier and fought in the Bernardo Gàlvez campaigns of the American Revolution.

Tax rolls: 1774, 1790, 1793, 1794, 1795, and 1796--tallying land and enslaved people, debtors, and defaulters, by neighborhoods.

In all, Natchitoches Colonials contains 104 documents--including over 60 never-before published primary sources—making it a greatly expanded version of its 1981 predecessor.

(Researchers with connections to this region of Louisiana will be interested to learn that Natchitoches Colonials is the fifth book in Mrs. Mills’ six-volume Cane River Creole series. Volumes One through Four and Volume Six are available in Kindle editions from Amazon.com.)

Tips and Quips is a treasury of bon mots and wise words for everyone who pursues genealogy. Whether you are a researcher in need of inspiration, or a speaker or writer in search of a zinger to punctuate your thoughts, Tips & Quips can be your muse.

The sayings and writings found here are divided into no fewer than 86 categories relevant to genealogists. Categories from Analysis, Ethnic Research and Genetic Genealogy, to the Internet, Land and Names; and from Photographs, Plagiarism and Proof, to Research, Sources and Tax Records. It's easy to find just the quip you need from the book's detailed table of contents, or you can search the author index or consult the glossary of key words at the back.

Truth is, Tips and Quips is entertaining, inspiring, and informative, making it that rarity among genealogy books--bedside reading. Here are some illustrations, arranged by category to whet your appetite:

Ancestors: "To forget one's ancestors is to be a brook without a source, a tree without a root."--Chinese Proverb

Documentation: "In God we trust. All others must show sources."--David Woody

Ethnic Research: "Researching your ancestors during slavery becomes researching the owners of your ancestors."--Nancy Richey

Genealogy: "Genealogy is not fatal--but it's a grave disease."--Anonymous

Genealogy: "None of us can harbor prejudice against another group of people when we realize that, with the very next document we find, we could be a part of them."--Elizabeth Shown Mills

Genetic Genealogy: "People lie. DNA doesn't."--Angie Bush

Miscellany: "The family historian wants to remember what their grandparents wished to forget." --Diedre Erin Denton

Research: "'Google' is not a synonym for 'research.'"--Dan Brown

Traditions: "Just because it is said does not make it true. Just because it cannot be found does not make it false."--James Walton

Across four decades, Elizabeth Shown Mills has produced many first-of its-kind works for historical researchers. Now with her granddaughter, Ruth Brossette Lennon, she gives us another--the first collection of quotes that focuses entirely on "history up close and personal." Enjoy!

Tips and Quips is a treasury of bon mots and wise words for everyone who pursues genealogy. Whether you are a researcher in need of inspiration, or a speaker or writer in search of a zinger to punctuate your thoughts, Tips & Quips can be your muse.

The sayings and writings found here are divided into no fewer than 86 categories relevant to genealogists. Categories from Analysis, Ethnic Research and Genetic Genealogy, to the Internet, Land and Names; and from Photographs, Plagiarism and Proof, to Research, Sources and Tax Records. It's easy to find just the quip you need from the book's detailed table of contents, or you can search the author index or consult the glossary of key words at the back.

Truth is, Tips and Quips is entertaining, inspiring, and informative, making it that rarity among genealogy books--bedside reading. Here are some illustrations, arranged by category to whet your appetite:

Ancestors: "To forget one's ancestors is to be a brook without a source, a tree without a root."--Chinese Proverb

Documentation: "In God we trust. All others must show sources."--David Woody

Ethnic Research: "Researching your ancestors during slavery becomes researching the owners of your ancestors."--Nancy Richey

Genealogy: "Genealogy is not fatal--but it's a grave disease."--Anonymous

Genealogy: "None of us can harbor prejudice against another group of people when we realize that, with the very next document we find, we could be a part of them."--Elizabeth Shown Mills

Genetic Genealogy: "People lie. DNA doesn't."--Angie Bush

Miscellany: "The family historian wants to remember what their grandparents wished to forget." --Diedre Erin Denton

Research: "'Google' is not a synonym for 'research.'"--Dan Brown

Traditions: "Just because it is said does not make it true. Just because it cannot be found does not make it false."--James Walton

Across four decades, Elizabeth Shown Mills has produced many first-of its-kind works for historical researchers. Now with her granddaughter, Ruth Brossette Lennon, she gives us another--the first collection of quotes that focuses entirely on "history up close and personal." Enjoy!

Anyone doing research in eastern Virginia's historical records is certain to encounter Powhatan Indian place names. However, it is often difficult to relate these names to the modern landscape. Within this volume numerous variations of historic Indian place names are gathered under their most common spelling or modern equivalent. The information included in the thoroughly annotated volume was drawn from land patents, local and regional government records, public and private archives, and several collections of historical maps. This enables researchers to see how Indian place names changed over time and relate them to their equivalents in the modern landscape. Armed with this knowledge, investigators are more likely to succeed in locating the genealogical or historical records and artifacts they seek.

The authors have assembled the Powhatan place names under a main heading, which consists of their modern equivalent or most common spelling. Beneath that main heading are variations in the place name's spelling, listed in chronological order. This allows researchers to see how names changed over time. Consider this example for Assateague, in the Tidewater:

ASSATEAGUE

Inlet: Accomack County; the waterway between Assateague Island and Wallops Island; formerly called Mattapany Inlet.

Assateeg (PB 7:269) (1683)
Assateteage (PB 7:537) (1683)
Assateag (PB 8:235) (1692)

Readers are encouraged to make abundant use of the index, as it provides ready access to the main headings under which individual place names are clustered.

Collectively, the authors have brought to this volume more than eighty years of experience in working with primary sources. Dr. Helen C. Rountree, Professor Emerita of Anthropology at Old Dominion University, who began compiling information on Virginia Indian place names in the 1970s, initiated this study. Among her works are Pocahontas's People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia, and John Smith's Chesapeake Voyages, 1607-1609, which provides numerous insights into the native way of life and native habitat. Historian and co-author Martha W. McCartney is the author of highly regarded books on America's first colony, Jamestown. She specializes in 17th-century Virginia history and ethnohistory and is the recipient of the prestigious Daughters of the American Revolution's National History Award.

Anyone doing research in eastern Virginia's historical records is certain to encounter Powhatan Indian place names. However, it is often difficult to relate these names to the modern landscape. Within this volume numerous variations of historic Indian place names are gathered under their most common spelling or modern equivalent. The information included in the thoroughly annotated volume was drawn from land patents, local and regional government records, public and private archives, and several collections of historical maps. This enables researchers to see how Indian place names changed over time and relate them to their equivalents in the modern landscape. Armed with this knowledge, investigators are more likely to succeed in locating the genealogical or historical records and artifacts they seek.

The authors have assembled the Powhatan place names under a main heading, which consists of their modern equivalent or most common spelling. Beneath that main heading are variations in the place name's spelling, listed in chronological order. This allows researchers to see how names changed over time. Consider this example for Assateague, in the Tidewater:

ASSATEAGUE

Inlet: Accomack County; the waterway between Assateague Island and Wallops Island; formerly called Mattapany Inlet.

Assateeg (PB 7:269) (1683)
Assateteage (PB 7:537) (1683)
Assateag (PB 8:235) (1692)

Readers are encouraged to make abundant use of the index, as it provides ready access to the main headings under which individual place names are clustered.

Collectively, the authors have brought to this volume more than eighty years of experience in working with primary sources. Dr. Helen C. Rountree, Professor Emerita of Anthropology at Old Dominion University, who began compiling information on Virginia Indian place names in the 1970s, initiated this study. Among her works are Pocahontas's People: The Powhatan Indians of Virginia, and John Smith's Chesapeake Voyages, 1607-1609, which provides numerous insights into the native way of life and native habitat. Historian and co-author Martha W. McCartney is the author of highly regarded books on America's first colony, Jamestown. She specializes in 17th-century Virginia history and ethnohistory and is the recipient of the prestigious Daughters of the American Revolution's National History Award.

Ernest Thode discovered a 989-page book published in 1822 in Germany that related the story of the unlikely immigration to America in 1819 of an assortment of Swiss ranging from highest nobility to the poorest class. To his delight, this volume, translated as "My Emigration to the United States in North America in the Spring of 1819 and My Return Home in the Winter of 1820," revealed that the emigrants included Mr. Thode’s wife’s ancestor Jacob Tisher.

The Gall/Tisher group, which ultimately established a permanent Swiss settlement in Monroe County, Ohio, was sponsored by a private commission led by Ludwig Gall, who also wrote the aforementioned account of the voyage. His group came on the Eugénie from Antwerp to New York and Perth Amboy, New Jersey. After Gall’s hired settlers dispersed for Ohio and the new immigration society he had created in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, failed, Gall himself returned to Switzerland.

The Gall expedition is not the only one to figure in Thode’s new account of early Swiss settlement. Arriving on the Columbia from Antwerp to New York and Philadelphia, also in 1819, the Stalder clan of Baron Rudolph de Steiguer’s paramour wound up in Athens County, Ohio, where they formed a wilderness colony. Nor was the Swiss interest in settling in America confined to Ohio. Another Swiss emigration commissioner, Samuel Reichenbach, was also preparing to buy a large tract of land in Arkansas Territory, but he died of yellow fever, probably in Arkansas Post, in 1820. Lastly, the family of Swiss merchant trader John Joseph Labarthe eventually settled in Louisiana and assimilated there.

Tisher’s and Steiguer’s serendipitous choices of settlement was dictated by the low level of the Ohio River they encountered in 1819. Mr. Thode discovered this in diaries kept by the travelers, which also added a human dimension to their travails in America, The author located the passenger lists for the Swiss arrivals at New York among Philadelphia baggage lists and in a French military archive in Brest—of all places! Swiss vital records also added detailed information on individuals. And more than 100 archivists, historians, genealogists, and librarians added bits and pieces to the story of these Swiss settlers, as now told by Thode.

How the stories of the Swiss began in common even though they went their separate ways; how they were a product of the war, famine, and marriage laws that drove them out of Switzerland; how a noble humanitarian movement helped them; how they became connected with major historical figures; how they survived in the wildernesses of America; and how religions were imported and new ones founded are some of the themes covered in this book. Readers may also be surprised to encounter the names of Daniel Boone, Francis Scott Key, Aaron Burr, Albert Gallatin, Karl Marx, and many other historic figures on the fringes of the Swiss story.

Swiss Pioneers of Southeastern Ohio will appeal not only to the Tisher and Steiguer descendants in America but also to any number of Americans possessing one or more of the following surnames: Aeberhardt/Eberhard, Ames, Barber, de Steiguer/von Steiger, Fankhauser/Fankhouser/Frankhauser, Fearing, Finsterwald, Gysi/Gysy/Guise/Guyse/Guysi, Hässig/Hassig, Hugi, Jewett, Junod, Labarthe, Marti/Martin, Nüsperli/Nisperly, Nye, Oberholzer/Oberholser, Putnam, Reichenbach, Rüegsegger/Resecker, Schneider, Spittler, Sproat, Stalder, Tschäppätt/Tschappat, Tupper, Tüscher/Tisher, Uhl, Weiss/Wyss, Winterberger.

Ernest Thode discovered a 989-page book published in 1822 in Germany that related the story of the unlikely immigration to America in 1819 of an assortment of Swiss ranging from highest nobility to the poorest class. To his delight, this volume, translated as "My Emigration to the United States in North America in the Spring of 1819 and My Return Home in the Winter of 1820," revealed that the emigrants included Mr. Thode’s wife’s ancestor Jacob Tisher.

The Gall/Tisher group, which ultimately established a permanent Swiss settlement in Monroe County, Ohio, was sponsored by a private commission led by Ludwig Gall, who also wrote the aforementioned account of the voyage. His group came on the Eugénie from Antwerp to New York and Perth Amboy, New Jersey. After Gall’s hired settlers dispersed for Ohio and the new immigration society he had created in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, failed, Gall himself returned to Switzerland.

The Gall expedition is not the only one to figure in Thode’s new account of early Swiss settlement. Arriving on the Columbia from Antwerp to New York and Philadelphia, also in 1819, the Stalder clan of Baron Rudolph de Steiguer’s paramour wound up in Athens County, Ohio, where they formed a wilderness colony. Nor was the Swiss interest in settling in America confined to Ohio. Another Swiss emigration commissioner, Samuel Reichenbach, was also preparing to buy a large tract of land in Arkansas Territory, but he died of yellow fever, probably in Arkansas Post, in 1820. Lastly, the family of Swiss merchant trader John Joseph Labarthe eventually settled in Louisiana and assimilated there.

Tisher’s and Steiguer’s serendipitous choices of settlement was dictated by the low level of the Ohio River they encountered in 1819. Mr. Thode discovered this in diaries kept by the travelers, which also added a human dimension to their travails in America, The author located the passenger lists for the Swiss arrivals at New York among Philadelphia baggage lists and in a French military archive in Brest—of all places! Swiss vital records also added detailed information on individuals. And more than 100 archivists, historians, genealogists, and librarians added bits and pieces to the story of these Swiss settlers, as now told by Thode.

How the stories of the Swiss began in common even though they went their separate ways; how they were a product of the war, famine, and marriage laws that drove them out of Switzerland; how a noble humanitarian movement helped them; how they became connected with major historical figures; how they survived in the wildernesses of America; and how religions were imported and new ones founded are some of the themes covered in this book. Readers may also be surprised to encounter the names of Daniel Boone, Francis Scott Key, Aaron Burr, Albert Gallatin, Karl Marx, and many other historic figures on the fringes of the Swiss story.

Swiss Pioneers of Southeastern Ohio will appeal not only to the Tisher and Steiguer descendants in America but also to any number of Americans possessing one or more of the following surnames: Aeberhardt/Eberhard, Ames, Barber, de Steiguer/von Steiger, Fankhauser/Fankhouser/Frankhauser, Fearing, Finsterwald, Gysi/Gysy/Guise/Guyse/Guysi, Hässig/Hassig, Hugi, Jewett, Junod, Labarthe, Marti/Martin, Nüsperli/Nisperly, Nye, Oberholzer/Oberholser, Putnam, Reichenbach, Rüegsegger/Resecker, Schneider, Spittler, Sproat, Stalder, Tschäppätt/Tschappat, Tupper, Tüscher/Tisher, Uhl, Weiss/Wyss, Winterberger.

The fourth and concluding volume in Marston Watson's Americans of Royal and Noble Ancestry series is by far the most ambitious. Almost double the size of the second longest book in the series, the Pelham-Avery-West volume traces a full nine generations of descendants of Thomas West, 2nd Baron De La Warr. Unlike the earlier books, the progeny identified in Volume IV are associated not only with New England but with four distinct colonial regions: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Long Island (and later greater New York), and Virginia (with expansion to the Deep South). Finally, and unexpectedly, Thomas West descendants' may be able to claim a kinship to England's most notorious king, Henry VIII (1491-1547).

This work concentrates on the American progeny of three nearly related kinsmen: (1) Herbert Pelham (ca 1626-1674), the third of that name, sometime of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and first Treasurer of Harvard College; (2) Pelham's first cousin twice removed, Susannah (Palmes) Avery (ca 1665-1747), wife of Samuel Avery of New London and Groton, Connecticut; and (3) Hon. John West (1590-1659), Governor of Virginia and also a Burgess, fifth son and twelfth child of Thomas West, 2nd Baron De La Warr, and Anne Knollys. Hon. John West was an uncle of Herbert Pelham of Massachusetts and a brother of the matrilineal great-grandmother of Susannah (Palmes) Avery. In his helpful Introduction to Volume IV, distinguished genealogist Gary Boyd Roberts outlines a number of the prominent descendants of the three immigrant ancestors whose lines are detailed by Mr. Watson.

Mr. Watson has used a wide variety of printed sources--and even more Internet sources--emphasizing published vital records and noting qualifying ancestors for many hereditary societies. He has also used colonial newspapers and combed many wills, census, and other records. The Tudor connection concerns Thomas West's marriage to Anne Knollys, a granddaughter of Mary Boleyn, sister of Anne. In March 1997 noted genealogist Anthony G. Hoskins published a widely acclaimed article in the Genealogist's Magazine, entitled "Mary Boleyn's Cary Children--Offspring of King Henry VIII?" As Hoskins argues (and Mr. Watson concurs), since Mary's two children while married to William Carey were born during the nearly five years she spent in an intimate relation with Henry VIII, all of the progeny in Volume IV may well be entitled to claim Tudor ancestry.

The fourth and concluding volume in Marston Watson's Americans of Royal and Noble Ancestry series is by far the most ambitious. Almost double the size of the second longest book in the series, the Pelham-Avery-West volume traces a full nine generations of descendants of Thomas West, 2nd Baron De La Warr. Unlike the earlier books, the progeny identified in Volume IV are associated not only with New England but with four distinct colonial regions: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Long Island (and later greater New York), and Virginia (with expansion to the Deep South). Finally, and unexpectedly, Thomas West descendants' may be able to claim a kinship to England's most notorious king, Henry VIII (1491-1547).

This work concentrates on the American progeny of three nearly related kinsmen: (1) Herbert Pelham (ca 1626-1674), the third of that name, sometime of Cambridge, Massachusetts, and first Treasurer of Harvard College; (2) Pelham's first cousin twice removed, Susannah (Palmes) Avery (ca 1665-1747), wife of Samuel Avery of New London and Groton, Connecticut; and (3) Hon. John West (1590-1659), Governor of Virginia and also a Burgess, fifth son and twelfth child of Thomas West, 2nd Baron De La Warr, and Anne Knollys. Hon. John West was an uncle of Herbert Pelham of Massachusetts and a brother of the matrilineal great-grandmother of Susannah (Palmes) Avery. In his helpful Introduction to Volume IV, distinguished genealogist Gary Boyd Roberts outlines a number of the prominent descendants of the three immigrant ancestors whose lines are detailed by Mr. Watson.

Mr. Watson has used a wide variety of printed sources--and even more Internet sources--emphasizing published vital records and noting qualifying ancestors for many hereditary societies. He has also used colonial newspapers and combed many wills, census, and other records. The Tudor connection concerns Thomas West's marriage to Anne Knollys, a granddaughter of Mary Boleyn, sister of Anne. In March 1997 noted genealogist Anthony G. Hoskins published a widely acclaimed article in the Genealogist's Magazine, entitled "Mary Boleyn's Cary Children--Offspring of King Henry VIII?" As Hoskins argues (and Mr. Watson concurs), since Mary's two children while married to William Carey were born during the nearly five years she spent in an intimate relation with Henry VIII, all of the progeny in Volume IV may well be entitled to claim Tudor ancestry.

This is a comprehensive introduction to the conflicts that ensued between Native Americans and their European encroachers from the earliest recorded skirmishes to the last battles only three years before the commencement of the American Civil War. Beginning with the Powhatan Wars of 1610-1646 and concluding with the Third Seminole War of 1855-1858, author Michael Ports has assembled all the pertinent facts related to the scores of battles or campaigns that arose as clashes of civilizations on our the advancing frontier.

Part One summarizes what we know about the twenty-seven separate and distinct Indian wars in or involving the American South, a region here defined by the four southern colonies of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia; the states that were formed from their original territory, Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee, and West Virginia; and the states of Florida and Louisiana. Ports presents the discussion of each war in terms of background causes, the campaigns itself, and, the aftermath. Whenever possible, the names of the commanding officers, names of the military units, battle locations, numbers of casualties, and dates are included. Each chapter in Part One (e.g., Tuscarora War, 1711-1715; Pontiac's War, 1763; Second Creek War, 1836-1837) concludes with (1) a "Points of Interest" section that identifies and illustrates selected national, state, and local parks and historical sites, museums, historical markers, etc., that commemorate the people, events, and places that were part of the wars, and (2) a Further Reading section of selected published works.

Part Two of this guide is a discussion of the surviving records that document the military and civilian participation in the wars. The first section covers important national repositories like the National Archives, Army Center of Military History, and the Library of Congress. Next comes a description of the archives of the subject eleven states and provides some insight into genealogical research in those states. The third section on records deals with the archives, libraries, and museums of the Five Civilized Tribes, followed by a fourth section devoted to the famous Draper Manuscript Collection. The last section presents other significant repositories, arranged geographically, including genealogical and historical societies, museums, libraries, manuscript collections, hereditary societies, and a few other miscellaneous sources. If your ancestor lived on, or even near, the Southern frontier, the chances are good that he fought in a conflict or he and his family were affected by it. For example, if your ancestor settled in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia in the 1750s, it is likely that he or his family were part of the French and Indian War or the ensuing First Cherokee War. Pick up your copy of Indian Wars of the American South, and before you know it, you will be packing the car to visit one of the historic sites in Part One where your forebear fought or otherwise took part in American history.

This is a comprehensive introduction to the conflicts that ensued between Native Americans and their European encroachers from the earliest recorded skirmishes to the last battles only three years before the commencement of the American Civil War. Beginning with the Powhatan Wars of 1610-1646 and concluding with the Third Seminole War of 1855-1858, author Michael Ports has assembled all the pertinent facts related to the scores of battles or campaigns that arose as clashes of civilizations on our the advancing frontier.

Part One summarizes what we know about the twenty-seven separate and distinct Indian wars in or involving the American South, a region here defined by the four southern colonies of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia; the states that were formed from their original territory, Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee, and West Virginia; and the states of Florida and Louisiana. Ports presents the discussion of each war in terms of background causes, the campaigns itself, and, the aftermath. Whenever possible, the names of the commanding officers, names of the military units, battle locations, numbers of casualties, and dates are included. Each chapter in Part One (e.g., Tuscarora War, 1711-1715; Pontiac's War, 1763; Second Creek War, 1836-1837) concludes with (1) a "Points of Interest" section that identifies and illustrates selected national, state, and local parks and historical sites, museums, historical markers, etc., that commemorate the people, events, and places that were part of the wars, and (2) a Further Reading section of selected published works.

Part Two of this guide is a discussion of the surviving records that document the military and civilian participation in the wars. The first section covers important national repositories like the National Archives, Army Center of Military History, and the Library of Congress. Next comes a description of the archives of the subject eleven states and provides some insight into genealogical research in those states. The third section on records deals with the archives, libraries, and museums of the Five Civilized Tribes, followed by a fourth section devoted to the famous Draper Manuscript Collection. The last section presents other significant repositories, arranged geographically, including genealogical and historical societies, museums, libraries, manuscript collections, hereditary societies, and a few other miscellaneous sources. If your ancestor lived on, or even near, the Southern frontier, the chances are good that he fought in a conflict or he and his family were affected by it. For example, if your ancestor settled in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia in the 1750s, it is likely that he or his family were part of the French and Indian War or the ensuing First Cherokee War. Pick up your copy of Indian Wars of the American South, and before you know it, you will be packing the car to visit one of the historic sites in Part One where your forebear fought or otherwise took part in American history.

Michael A. Ports--author of the groundbreaking series Georgia Free Persons of Color as well as numerous volumes of transcribed records from Baldwin, Elbert, and especially Jefferson County, Georgia--applies his expertise in Georgia genealogy research to our latest Genealogy at a Glance guide. Like the other publications in the series, Genealogy at a Glance: Georgia Genealogy Research is a four-page laminated folder that gives you all the useful information you'll need to begin and proceed successfully with your research.

Ports begins with a discussion of Georgia's settlement background, beginning in 1732 when King George II granted a charter for the new colony--named in his honor--to James Oglethorpe and twenty other proprietors. County formation began in 1777 with the creation of Burke, Camden, Chatham, Effingham, Glynn, Liberty, Richmond, and Wilkes counties, and ended in 1924 with the creation of Peach County. Many of the records most useful to genealogists are located at the county level. Therefore a general rule of thumb, Ports states, is to begin your research at the Georgia Archives, which houses original and microfilm copies of most county records, and he details the most critical of these records--marriage and divorce, birth and death, probate, and land lottery records.

Ports also gives an overview of two significant supplementary sources--land grant records and tax records--and identifies the major repositories and online resources with useful information for your Georgia family research. Along the way you'll find research tips and references to key publications, making Genealogy at a Glance: Georgia Genealogy Research the most helpful four pages you'll ever read on Georgia genealogy.

Michael A. Ports--author of the groundbreaking series Georgia Free Persons of Color as well as numerous volumes of transcribed records from Baldwin, Elbert, and especially Jefferson County, Georgia--applies his expertise in Georgia genealogy research to our latest Genealogy at a Glance guide. Like the other publications in the series, Genealogy at a Glance: Georgia Genealogy Research is a four-page laminated folder that gives you all the useful information you'll need to begin and proceed successfully with your research.

Ports begins with a discussion of Georgia's settlement background, beginning in 1732 when King George II granted a charter for the new colony--named in his honor--to James Oglethorpe and twenty other proprietors. County formation began in 1777 with the creation of Burke, Camden, Chatham, Effingham, Glynn, Liberty, Richmond, and Wilkes counties, and ended in 1924 with the creation of Peach County. Many of the records most useful to genealogists are located at the county level. Therefore a general rule of thumb, Ports states, is to begin your research at the Georgia Archives, which houses original and microfilm copies of most county records, and he details the most critical of these records--marriage and divorce, birth and death, probate, and land lottery records.

Ports also gives an overview of two significant supplementary sources--land grant records and tax records--and identifies the major repositories and online resources with useful information for your Georgia family research. Along the way you'll find research tips and references to key publications, making Genealogy at a Glance: Georgia Genealogy Research the most helpful four pages you'll ever read on Georgia genealogy.

These Georgia tax digests are a significant genealogical resource, especially prior to 1820, a period in which virtually no federal census schedules exist for the state. During this census hiatus, every free Georgia man, from 21 to 60 years of age, was subject to the poll tax. All property owners, regardless of age or sex, were taxed for each of their slaves and all of their land and improvements. Moreover, taxes were levied on specific professions, such as doctors and lawyers, carriages, billiard tables, and stock-in-trade.

Mr. Ports' transcription was compiled from the microfilm of the original record volumes made in 1958 at the Court of Ordinary in Louisville by the Genealogical Society of Salt Lake City, Utah. Following his introduction and helpful discussions of the pertinent Georgia tax laws and Jefferson County militia districts, Mr. Ports presents his transcriptions in a series of five-column tables. The tables are arranged chronologically by tax year and thereunder by Jefferson County militia district. The first column lists the name of the taxpayer and the second column his poll. An entry of one indicates a male between 21 and 60 years of age, while an entry of blank, zero, or no poll indicates either a female, a minor male, or a male over 60 years of age. The third column includes the number of slaves owned by the taxpayer. The fourth column includes a description of the land owned by the taxpayer, consisting of the number of acres of first, second, or third quality oak and hickory land, and pine land. Each tract usually is identified by the name of a watercourse, adjoining landowner, and original grantor, and occasionally with other descriptors. Most of the tax digests also include lists of those owing taxes, called defaulters. Lists of defaulters usually were published in a local newspaper, often prior to the date of the official tax deadline. Thus, the lists contain the names of persons who had not yet filed their returns, as opposed to actual defaulters. Finally, Jefferson County Tax Digests, 1804-1808 concludes with a complete tax index to all persons named in the work.

These Georgia tax digests are a significant genealogical resource, especially prior to 1820, a period in which virtually no federal census schedules exist for the state. During this census hiatus, every free Georgia man, from 21 to 60 years of age, was subject to the poll tax. All property owners, regardless of age or sex, were taxed for each of their slaves and all of their land and improvements. Moreover, taxes were levied on specific professions, such as doctors and lawyers, carriages, billiard tables, and stock-in-trade.

Mr. Ports' transcription was compiled from the microfilm of the original record volumes made in 1958 at the Court of Ordinary in Louisville by the Genealogical Society of Salt Lake City, Utah. Following his introduction and helpful discussions of the pertinent Georgia tax laws and Jefferson County militia districts, Mr. Ports presents his transcriptions in a series of five-column tables. The tables are arranged chronologically by tax year and thereunder by Jefferson County militia district. The first column lists the name of the taxpayer and the second column his poll. An entry of one indicates a male between 21 and 60 years of age, while an entry of blank, zero, or no poll indicates either a female, a minor male, or a male over 60 years of age. The third column includes the number of slaves owned by the taxpayer. The fourth column includes a description of the land owned by the taxpayer, consisting of the number of acres of first, second, or third quality oak and hickory land, and pine land. Each tract usually is identified by the name of a watercourse, adjoining landowner, and original grantor, and occasionally with other descriptors. Most of the tax digests also include lists of those owing taxes, called defaulters. Lists of defaulters usually were published in a local newspaper, often prior to the date of the official tax deadline. Thus, the lists contain the names of persons who had not yet filed their returns, as opposed to actual defaulters. Finally, Jefferson County Tax Digests, 1804-1808 concludes with a complete tax index to all persons named in the work.

This work marks the third volume of Jefferson County, Georgia tax lists compiled by Michael A. Ports (earlier ones covered the periods 1796–1803 and 1804–1808, respectively). The compiler produced this work from the microfilm of the original record volumes made in 1958 at the Court of Ordinary in Louisville by the Genealogical Society of Salt Lake City, Utah. These Georgia tax digests are a significant genealogical resource, especially prior to 1820, a period in which virtually no federal census schedules survive for the state. Every free man, from 21 to 60 years of age, was subject to the poll tax. All owners, regardless of age or sex, were taxed for each of their slaves and all of their land and improvements. Moreover, taxes were levied on specific professions, such as doctors and lawyers, carriages, billiard tables, stock-in-trade, and stud horses.

Following his Introduction and helpful discussions of the pertinent Georgia tax laws and the composition of Jefferson County militia districts, Mr. Ports presents his transcriptions in a series of five-column tables. The tables are arranged chronologically by tax year and thereunder by Jefferson County militia district. The first column lists the name of the taxpayer and the second column his poll. An entry of one indicates a male between 21 and 60 years of age, while an entry of blank, zero, or no poll indicates either a female, a minor male, or a male over 60 years of age. The third column includes the number of slaves owned by the taxpayer. The fourth column includes a description of the land owned by the taxpayer, consisting of the number of acres of first, second, or third quality oak and hickory land, and pine land. Each tract usually is identified by the name of a watercourse, adjoining landowner, and original grantor, and occasionally with other descriptors. Most of the tax digests also include lists of those owing taxes, called defaulters. Lists of defaulters usually were published in a local newspaper, often prior to the date of the official tax deadline. Thus, the lists contain the names of persons who had not yet filed their returns, as opposed to actual defaulters. Finally, the book concludes with a complete tax index to all persons named in the work.

This work marks the third volume of Jefferson County, Georgia tax lists compiled by Michael A. Ports (earlier ones covered the periods 1796–1803 and 1804–1808, respectively). The compiler produced this work from the microfilm of the original record volumes made in 1958 at the Court of Ordinary in Louisville by the Genealogical Society of Salt Lake City, Utah. These Georgia tax digests are a significant genealogical resource, especially prior to 1820, a period in which virtually no federal census schedules survive for the state. Every free man, from 21 to 60 years of age, was subject to the poll tax. All owners, regardless of age or sex, were taxed for each of their slaves and all of their land and improvements. Moreover, taxes were levied on specific professions, such as doctors and lawyers, carriages, billiard tables, stock-in-trade, and stud horses.

Following his Introduction and helpful discussions of the pertinent Georgia tax laws and the composition of Jefferson County militia districts, Mr. Ports presents his transcriptions in a series of five-column tables. The tables are arranged chronologically by tax year and thereunder by Jefferson County militia district. The first column lists the name of the taxpayer and the second column his poll. An entry of one indicates a male between 21 and 60 years of age, while an entry of blank, zero, or no poll indicates either a female, a minor male, or a male over 60 years of age. The third column includes the number of slaves owned by the taxpayer. The fourth column includes a description of the land owned by the taxpayer, consisting of the number of acres of first, second, or third quality oak and hickory land, and pine land. Each tract usually is identified by the name of a watercourse, adjoining landowner, and original grantor, and occasionally with other descriptors. Most of the tax digests also include lists of those owing taxes, called defaulters. Lists of defaulters usually were published in a local newspaper, often prior to the date of the official tax deadline. Thus, the lists contain the names of persons who had not yet filed their returns, as opposed to actual defaulters. Finally, the book concludes with a complete tax index to all persons named in the work.

On December 10, 1790, the Georgia General Assembly created Elbert County from a portion of Wilkes County, making Elberton the seat of its new government. The Georgia constitution established the Superior Court as the court of final jurisdiction in each county, including Elbert. The legislature divided the state into judicial districts, fixing the times the various courts met in each county, assigning the new Elbert County to the Western District, composed of Franklin, Greene, Hancock, Jackson, Lincoln, Oglethorpe, and Wilkes counties. Superior Court judges, elected to serve three-year terms, held court in each county at least twice per year, as they traveled from county to county within their district. The Superior Court had jurisdiction over all criminal matters, civil cases involving title to land, appeals from Inferior Court decisions, divorces, grand juries, and registration of land deeds.

The first manuscript volume of Elbert County Superior Court minutes begins December 31, 1790, and continues through October 16, 1800. Michael Ports' transcription of those records is based upon microfilm photographed at the courthouse at Elberton, Georgia, in 1960 by the Genealogical Society of Salt Lake City, Utah, and made available at the Georgia Department of Archives and History in Morrow, Georgia. Featuring a complete name index with over 8,000 entries, this volume identifies each person who figured in the business of the Superior Court during its first decade of existence, many of whom were pioneering figures in the county's history.

On December 10, 1790, the Georgia General Assembly created Elbert County from a portion of Wilkes County, making Elberton the seat of its new government. The Georgia constitution established the Superior Court as the court of final jurisdiction in each county, including Elbert. The legislature divided the state into judicial districts, fixing the times the various courts met in each county, assigning the new Elbert County to the Western District, composed of Franklin, Greene, Hancock, Jackson, Lincoln, Oglethorpe, and Wilkes counties. Superior Court judges, elected to serve three-year terms, held court in each county at least twice per year, as they traveled from county to county within their district. The Superior Court had jurisdiction over all criminal matters, civil cases involving title to land, appeals from Inferior Court decisions, divorces, grand juries, and registration of land deeds.

The first manuscript volume of Elbert County Superior Court minutes begins December 31, 1790, and continues through October 16, 1800. Michael Ports' transcription of those records is based upon microfilm photographed at the courthouse at Elberton, Georgia, in 1960 by the Genealogical Society of Salt Lake City, Utah, and made available at the Georgia Department of Archives and History in Morrow, Georgia. Featuring a complete name index with over 8,000 entries, this volume identifies each person who figured in the business of the Superior Court during its first decade of existence, many of whom were pioneering figures in the county's history.

The Georgia General Assembly created Bibb County on December 9, 1822, from parts of Jones, Monroe, and Twiggs counties, and established Macon as the county seat. It also added Bibb County--along with Crawford, Dekalb, and Pike counties--to the existing Flint (Superior) Judicial District. The Superior Court held jurisdiction over all criminal matters, most civil cases, appeals from the Inferior Court and Justices' Courts, divorces, grand juries, and the registration of land deeds.

The records in this book by Michael Ports are based upon an original Bibb County minute book for 1822-1842. Mr. Ports transcribed the contents from a microfilm copy photographed at the county courthouse in Macon, Georgia, on November 18, 1964, by the Genealogical Society of Salt Lake City, Utah, and the Georgia Department of Archives and History, in Morrow, Georgia.

While the original volume is labeled as court minutes, it contains only the records of criminal cases heard by the court. The cases appear in approximate chronological order, beginning with Case No 1 in the November Term 1822 and ending with Case No 1 in the November Term 1842. Each case entry provides the names of the defendants and the specific charges alleged. Following the case citations are the actual bills of indictment, which include the names of the grand jurors, the names and residences of the defendants, the specific charges alleged, and the dates the crimes were committed. The bills of indictment often, but not always, include descriptions of where and how the crime was committed, some even providing lurid descriptions of beatings, other assaults, and murders; detailed descriptions of articles stolen; and physical descriptions of any slaves involved in the incidents. Each bill of indictment ends with the date of the court term, the name of the grand jury foreman, and the name of the prosecutor (i.e., the individual who pressed the criminal charge, not the lawyer who prosecuted the case). On a case-by-case basis, the records may provide a list of witnesses, names of attorneys, nature of the defendant's plea, summaries of testimony, and more. Since most of the cases took place over two, three, or even more court terms, the careful researcher should consult the actual court minutes to determine when each step in the criminal court process took place.

The Georgia General Assembly created Bibb County on December 9, 1822, from parts of Jones, Monroe, and Twiggs counties, and established Macon as the county seat. It also added Bibb County--along with Crawford, Dekalb, and Pike counties--to the existing Flint (Superior) Judicial District. The Superior Court held jurisdiction over all criminal matters, most civil cases, appeals from the Inferior Court and Justices' Courts, divorces, grand juries, and the registration of land deeds.

The records in this book by Michael Ports are based upon an original Bibb County minute book for 1822-1842. Mr. Ports transcribed the contents from a microfilm copy photographed at the county courthouse in Macon, Georgia, on November 18, 1964, by the Genealogical Society of Salt Lake City, Utah, and the Georgia Department of Archives and History, in Morrow, Georgia.

While the original volume is labeled as court minutes, it contains only the records of criminal cases heard by the court. The cases appear in approximate chronological order, beginning with Case No 1 in the November Term 1822 and ending with Case No 1 in the November Term 1842. Each case entry provides the names of the defendants and the specific charges alleged. Following the case citations are the actual bills of indictment, which include the names of the grand jurors, the names and residences of the defendants, the specific charges alleged, and the dates the crimes were committed. The bills of indictment often, but not always, include descriptions of where and how the crime was committed, some even providing lurid descriptions of beatings, other assaults, and murders; detailed descriptions of articles stolen; and physical descriptions of any slaves involved in the incidents. Each bill of indictment ends with the date of the court term, the name of the grand jury foreman, and the name of the prosecutor (i.e., the individual who pressed the criminal charge, not the lawyer who prosecuted the case). On a case-by-case basis, the records may provide a list of witnesses, names of attorneys, nature of the defendant's plea, summaries of testimony, and more. Since most of the cases took place over two, three, or even more court terms, the careful researcher should consult the actual court minutes to determine when each step in the criminal court process took place.

Exploring the history of a surname is a useful first step on a journey to tracing roots in Ireland. Surnames are very much connected to place in Ireland and are, therefore, an integral part of Irish identity and family history. In the case of the Northern Ireland city of Derry (aka Londonderry), naming traditions go back Derry's founding by the city of London in 1613.

Esteemed genealogist Brian Mitchell, who has published a number of books on Derry family history in recent years, here presents us with an analysis of the most popular surnames for that port city. Mitchell bases his Top 300 Surnames of Derry/Londonderry volume on the 1989 Foyle Community Directory. Each name in this book has at least ten listings in the Foyle directory. The excellent Introduction discusses the main cultural origins of Derry surnames--namely, Gaelic, English/Lowland Scottish, and 20th-century newcomers, notably persons from Italy, Jews fleeing Eastern Europe and later Nazi Germany, and most recently Indian nationals. Derry's unique historical background, including the impact upon surnames of the 17th-century Plantation of Ulster, also comes into play. The author provides the researcher with a bibliography of about a dozen surname books he consulted in compiling his own list of the Top 300.

The bulk of the book consists of Brian Mitchell's tabular, alphabetical list of surnames. For each name we are given a ranking and a short descriptive history, such as the following:

Olphert. Rank: 269. Scottish. This variant of Oliphant is chiefly found in Counties Antrim and Derry. The Oliphants of Norman origin, who settled in Northamptonshire, England in the late 11th century, acquired lands in Roxburghshire, Scotland in the 12th century. The Londonderry Port Book of 1612 to 1615 records the trading activity of Wibrant Olfert, a Dutch merchant, who made Derry his home in the very early years of the Plantation of Ulster; he was importing timber from Norway and exporting butter and oats.

Rounding out this compact yet vital work are a series of maps designed to help the reader follow the migration of surnames to Derry. Everyone who owns Mr. Mitchell's earlier books for tracing Derry ancestors or understanding the place names of County Derry will want this volume for their personal or institutional library.

Exploring the history of a surname is a useful first step on a journey to tracing roots in Ireland. Surnames are very much connected to place in Ireland and are, therefore, an integral part of Irish identity and family history. In the case of the Northern Ireland city of Derry (aka Londonderry), naming traditions go back Derry's founding by the city of London in 1613.

Esteemed genealogist Brian Mitchell, who has published a number of books on Derry family history in recent years, here presents us with an analysis of the most popular surnames for that port city. Mitchell bases his Top 300 Surnames of Derry/Londonderry volume on the 1989 Foyle Community Directory. Each name in this book has at least ten listings in the Foyle directory. The excellent Introduction discusses the main cultural origins of Derry surnames--namely, Gaelic, English/Lowland Scottish, and 20th-century newcomers, notably persons from Italy, Jews fleeing Eastern Europe and later Nazi Germany, and most recently Indian nationals. Derry's unique historical background, including the impact upon surnames of the 17th-century Plantation of Ulster, also comes into play. The author provides the researcher with a bibliography of about a dozen surname books he consulted in compiling his own list of the Top 300.

The bulk of the book consists of Brian Mitchell's tabular, alphabetical list of surnames. For each name we are given a ranking and a short descriptive history, such as the following:

Olphert. Rank: 269. Scottish. This variant of Oliphant is chiefly found in Counties Antrim and Derry. The Oliphants of Norman origin, who settled in Northamptonshire, England in the late 11th century, acquired lands in Roxburghshire, Scotland in the 12th century. The Londonderry Port Book of 1612 to 1615 records the trading activity of Wibrant Olfert, a Dutch merchant, who made Derry his home in the very early years of the Plantation of Ulster; he was importing timber from Norway and exporting butter and oats.

Rounding out this compact yet vital work are a series of maps designed to help the reader follow the migration of surnames to Derry. Everyone who owns Mr. Mitchell's earlier books for tracing Derry ancestors or understanding the place names of County Derry will want this volume for their personal or institutional library.

This book provides a synopsis of the original patterns of settlement and migration for the United States. Mr. Bockstruck discusses each of the 50 states; however, his emphasis is on the states and territories that were established between the colonial period and the middle of the 19th century. For each state the author examines pioneers' places of origin, reasons for settlement, specific places of settlement in America, names of pioneering families, migrations within and between states, and more. Equally important, throughout the volume he names the key sources for further research.

The study of migration is inextricably intertwined with family history. By combining a knowledge of history and geography, therefore, the family historian can extend the family pedigree across the country. Every detail represents a potential clue to an elusive ancestor, from the name of a shipping line, port of embarkation, and clusters of fellow passengers, to the nature of soil available to the colonist, church membership, and status of roadways.

Some members of the family may not have ventured away from the ancestral home. Others went westward but did not continue as far as some of their kinfolk. They may have generated the records further inland that would enable you to bridge an ancestral geographical gap. Finding earlier places of residence could help you determine the place of nativity of an ancestor. Following such paths could also help you locate relatives who remained in the East or dropped off earlier along the migration route, and as a result, aid in the identification of the immigrant or colonist who founded the family in the New World and perhaps the ancestral home in the Old World as well.

The study of migration/immigration follows several principles. First, a family historian must understand the local history of his or her ancestral homes. For example, as late as 1950, the state possessing the greatest percentage of residents of British descent was Utah. Why? Utah was settled by Mormons, and this relatively new religious group was mostly composed of New England Puritan stock. Moreover, that church's first missionary efforts abroad were conducted in the British Isles, and those converts joined them in Utah.

Secondly, migrations are also tied to similar climatic belts. Colonists and immigrants often sought out lands that were capable of growing the crops with which they were familiar, as in the case of Scandinavian settlements in Minnesota and the Dakotas.

Thirdly, migration rests upon forces that draw immigrants to a new home. It may also apply to those forces that drove them away from their home. In some instances both aspects may apply. For instance, more than 150,000 natives of Virginia were living in the states of the Old Northwest Territory in 1850--an area accessible to them and possessing terrain with which they were familiar.

Still other factors impinging on migration and settlement include available modes of transportation; religious preference or ethnicity; economic factors such as famines and floods; and foreign wars, revolutions, and other aspects of statecraft. Bockstruck contrasts colonial migrations, for example, with those following American Independence. During the colonial period, individuals and groups moved from the southern colonies to the northern colonies, and vice versa. Until the 1750s, colonists utilized sailing ships as the primary mode of transportation between colonies. They did not move from the East to the West until after the French and Indian War, when the Braddock and Forbes roads were built to enable the military forces to go into the interior to challenge the French in the Ohio River Valley. Such roads were necessary to move heavy military equipment to the war front.

American Settlements and Migrations is arranged by region and thereunder by state. Each chapter outlines not only the events, persons, and forces that contributed to a state's settlement but also offers untold clues to the reader's own ancestors. Might an 18th-century South Carolina forebear have been part of the British expulsion of the French from Nova Scotia? Was your Welsh ancestor part of the Pennsylvania migration to work in the Knoxville, Tennessee mining industry? Your Irish Famine-era ancestor was living in Boston in 1860, but is the gap in his genealogy attributable to the fact that he might have entered North America through the Canadian Port of St. John, Newfoundland? These are just some of hundreds of possibilities Mr. Bockstruck gets you to consider. His new primer may be just the clue finder you have been looking for.

This book provides a synopsis of the original patterns of settlement and migration for the United States. Mr. Bockstruck discusses each of the 50 states; however, his emphasis is on the states and territories that were established between the colonial period and the middle of the 19th century. For each state the author examines pioneers' places of origin, reasons for settlement, specific places of settlement in America, names of pioneering families, migrations within and between states, and more. Equally important, throughout the volume he names the key sources for further research.

The study of migration is inextricably intertwined with family history. By combining a knowledge of history and geography, therefore, the family historian can extend the family pedigree across the country. Every detail represents a potential clue to an elusive ancestor, from the name of a shipping line, port of embarkation, and clusters of fellow passengers, to the nature of soil available to the colonist, church membership, and status of roadways.

Some members of the family may not have ventured away from the ancestral home. Others went westward but did not continue as far as some of their kinfolk. They may have generated the records further inland that would enable you to bridge an ancestral geographical gap. Finding earlier places of residence could help you determine the place of nativity of an ancestor. Following such paths could also help you locate relatives who remained in the East or dropped off earlier along the migration route, and as a result, aid in the identification of the immigrant or colonist who founded the family in the New World and perhaps the ancestral home in the Old World as well.

The study of migration/immigration follows several principles. First, a family historian must understand the local history of his or her ancestral homes. For example, as late as 1950, the state possessing the greatest percentage of residents of British descent was Utah. Why? Utah was settled by Mormons, and this relatively new religious group was mostly composed of New England Puritan stock. Moreover, that church's first missionary efforts abroad were conducted in the British Isles, and those converts joined them in Utah.

Secondly, migrations are also tied to similar climatic belts. Colonists and immigrants often sought out lands that were capable of growing the crops with which they were familiar, as in the case of Scandinavian settlements in Minnesota and the Dakotas.

Thirdly, migration rests upon forces that draw immigrants to a new home. It may also apply to those forces that drove them away from their home. In some instances both aspects may apply. For instance, more than 150,000 natives of Virginia were living in the states of the Old Northwest Territory in 1850--an area accessible to them and possessing terrain with which they were familiar.

Still other factors impinging on migration and settlement include available modes of transportation; religious preference or ethnicity; economic factors such as famines and floods; and foreign wars, revolutions, and other aspects of statecraft. Bockstruck contrasts colonial migrations, for example, with those following American Independence. During the colonial period, individuals and groups moved from the southern colonies to the northern colonies, and vice versa. Until the 1750s, colonists utilized sailing ships as the primary mode of transportation between colonies. They did not move from the East to the West until after the French and Indian War, when the Braddock and Forbes roads were built to enable the military forces to go into the interior to challenge the French in the Ohio River Valley. Such roads were necessary to move heavy military equipment to the war front.

American Settlements and Migrations is arranged by region and thereunder by state. Each chapter outlines not only the events, persons, and forces that contributed to a state's settlement but also offers untold clues to the reader's own ancestors. Might an 18th-century South Carolina forebear have been part of the British expulsion of the French from Nova Scotia? Was your Welsh ancestor part of the Pennsylvania migration to work in the Knoxville, Tennessee mining industry? Your Irish Famine-era ancestor was living in Boston in 1860, but is the gap in his genealogy attributable to the fact that he might have entered North America through the Canadian Port of St. John, Newfoundland? These are just some of hundreds of possibilities Mr. Bockstruck gets you to consider. His new primer may be just the clue finder you have been looking for.

According to Kent Carter, author of The Dawes Commission, for the actual process of Choctaw enrollment, "A commission was appointed in each county of the Choctaw Nation under an act of September 18 to make separate rolls of citizens by blood, by intermarriage, and freedmen; it was to deliver them to recently elected Chief Green McCurtain by October 20, but he rejected them even before they were completed because of charges that people were being left off for political reasons. On October 30, the National Council authorized establishment of a five-member commission to revise the rolls within ten days and then directed McCurtain to turn them over to the Dawes Commission on November 11, 1896. The Choctaws hired the law firm of Stuart, Gordon, and Hailey, of South McAlester, to represent the tribe at all proceedings held by the Dawes Commission," another indication that throughout the Commission's efforts there was always controversy between the tribes and the negotiators.

The results of these proceedings are contained in 6,100 Choctaw enrollment cards (National Archive Microfilm M-1186, Rolls 39-46), and they comprise the basis for this series of genealogy records transcribed by Jeff Bowen. All of the cards list householders' ages, sex, degree of blood, the parties' relationship to head of household, county, Dawes Roll Number, and date of enrollment by the Secretary of Interior. The contents also give the enrollee's parents' names as well as miscellaneous notes pertaining to the enrollee's circumstances--such as mixed race--when required.

This is the fifteenth volume in the series. It spans Dawes Commission Roll Numbers 11,783 through 12,497 and includes a name index of 3,000 persons.

According to Kent Carter, author of The Dawes Commission, for the actual process of Choctaw enrollment, "A commission was appointed in each county of the Choctaw Nation under an act of September 18 to make separate rolls of citizens by blood, by intermarriage, and freedmen; it was to deliver them to recently elected Chief Green McCurtain by October 20, but he rejected them even before they were completed because of charges that people were being left off for political reasons. On October 30, the National Council authorized establishment of a five-member commission to revise the rolls within ten days and then directed McCurtain to turn them over to the Dawes Commission on November 11, 1896. The Choctaws hired the law firm of Stuart, Gordon, and Hailey, of South McAlester, to represent the tribe at all proceedings held by the Dawes Commission," another indication that throughout the Commission's efforts there was always controversy between the tribes and the negotiators.

The results of these proceedings are contained in 6,100 Choctaw enrollment cards (National Archive Microfilm M-1186, Rolls 39-46), and they comprise the basis for this series of genealogy records transcribed by Jeff Bowen. All of the cards list householders' ages, sex, degree of blood, the parties' relationship to head of household, county, Dawes Roll Number, and date of enrollment by the Secretary of Interior. The contents also give the enrollee's parents' names as well as miscellaneous notes pertaining to the enrollee's circumstances--such as mixed race--when required.

This is the fifteenth volume in the series. It spans Dawes Commission Roll Numbers 11,783 through 12,497 and includes a name index of 3,000 persons.

According to Kent Carter, author of The Dawes Commission, for the actual process of Choctaw enrollment, "A commission was appointed in each county of the Choctaw Nation under an act of September 18 to make separate rolls of citizens by blood, by intermarriage, and freedmen; it was to deliver them to recently elected Chief Green McCurtain by October 20, but he rejected them even before they were completed because of charges that people were being left off for political reasons. On October 30, the National Council authorized establishment of a five-member commission to revise the rolls within ten days and then directed McCurtain to turn them over to the Dawes Commission on November 11, 1896. The Choctaws hired the law firm of Stuart, Gordon, and Hailey, of South McAlester, to represent the tribe at all proceedings held by the Dawes Commission," another indication that throughout the Commission's efforts there was always controversy between the tribes and the negotiators.

The results of these proceedings are contained in 6,100 Choctaw enrollment cards (National Archive Microfilm M-1186, Rolls 39-46), and they comprise the basis for this series of genealogy records transcribed by Jeff Bowen. All of the cards list householders' ages, sex, degree of blood, the parties' relationship to head of household, county, Dawes Roll Number, and date of enrollment by the Secretary of Interior. The contents also give the enrollee's parents' names as well as miscellaneous notes pertaining to the enrollee's circumstances--such as mixed race--when required.

According to Kent Carter, author of The Dawes Commission, for the actual process of Choctaw enrollment, "A commission was appointed in each county of the Choctaw Nation under an act of September 18 to make separate rolls of citizens by blood, by intermarriage, and freedmen; it was to deliver them to recently elected Chief Green McCurtain by October 20, but he rejected them even before they were completed because of charges that people were being left off for political reasons. On October 30, the National Council authorized establishment of a five-member commission to revise the rolls within ten days and then directed McCurtain to turn them over to the Dawes Commission on November 11, 1896. The Choctaws hired the law firm of Stuart, Gordon, and Hailey, of South McAlester, to represent the tribe at all proceedings held by the Dawes Commission," another indication that throughout the Commission's efforts there was always controversy between the tribes and the negotiators.

The results of these proceedings are contained in 6,100 Choctaw enrollment cards (National Archive Microfilm M-1186, Rolls 39-46), and they comprise the basis for this series of genealogy records transcribed by Jeff Bowen. All of the cards list householders' ages, sex, degree of blood, the parties' relationship to head of household, county, Dawes Roll Number, and date of enrollment by the Secretary of Interior. The contents also give the enrollee's parents' names as well as miscellaneous notes pertaining to the enrollee's circumstances--such as mixed race--when required.

According to Kent Carter, author of The Dawes Commission, for the actual process of Choctaw enrollment, "A commission was appointed in each county of the Choctaw Nation under an act of September 18 to make separate rolls of citizens by blood, by intermarriage, and freedmen; it was to deliver them to recently elected Chief Green McCurtain by October 20, but he rejected them even before they were completed because of charges that people were being left off for political reasons. On October 30, the National Council authorized establishment of a five-member commission to revise the rolls within ten days and then directed McCurtain to turn them over to the Dawes Commission on November 11, 1896. The Choctaws hired the law firm of Stuart, Gordon, and Hailey, of South McAlester, to represent the tribe at all proceedings held by the Dawes Commission," another indication that throughout the Commission's efforts there was always controversy between the tribes and the negotiators.

The results of these proceedings are contained in 6,100 Choctaw enrollment cards (National Archive Microfilm M-1186, Rolls 39-46), and they comprise the basis for this series of genealogy records transcribed by Jeff Bowen. All of the cards list householders' ages, sex, degree of blood, the parties' relationship to head of household, county, Dawes Roll Number, and date of enrollment by the Secretary of Interior. The contents also give the enrollee's parents' names as well as miscellaneous notes pertaining to the enrollee's circumstances--such as mixed race--when required.

This is the seventeenth volume in the series. In addition to the individuals and families who were successfully enrolled, the volume includes hundreds of applicants who were denied citizenship by the Choctaw and Chickasaw Citizenship Court.

According to Kent Carter, author of The Dawes Commission, for the actual process of Choctaw enrollment, "A commission was appointed in each county of the Choctaw Nation under an act of September 18 to make separate rolls of citizens by blood, by intermarriage, and freedmen; it was to deliver them to recently elected Chief Green McCurtain by October 20, but he rejected them even before they were completed because of charges that people were being left off for political reasons. On October 30, the National Council authorized establishment of a five-member commission to revise the rolls within ten days and then directed McCurtain to turn them over to the Dawes Commission on November 11, 1896. The Choctaws hired the law firm of Stuart, Gordon, and Hailey, of South McAlester, to represent the tribe at all proceedings held by the Dawes Commission," another indication that throughout the Commission's efforts there was always controversy between the tribes and the negotiators.

The results of these proceedings are contained in 6,100 Choctaw enrollment cards (National Archive Microfilm M-1186, Rolls 39-46), and they comprise the basis for this series of genealogy records transcribed by Jeff Bowen. All of the cards list householders' ages, sex, degree of blood, the parties' relationship to head of household, county, Dawes Roll Number, and date of enrollment by the Secretary of Interior. The contents also give the enrollee's parents' names as well as miscellaneous notes pertaining to the enrollee's circumstances--such as mixed race--when required.

This is the seventeenth volume in the series. In addition to the individuals and families who were successfully enrolled, the volume includes hundreds of applicants who were denied citizenship by the Choctaw and Chickasaw Citizenship Court.

Between May 1905 and April 1907, the U.S. Supreme Court authorized the Secretary of the Interior to identify the descendants of Eastern Cherokees entitled to participate in the distribution of more than $1 million authorized by Congress. The purpose of the authorization was to settle outstanding claims made under treaties between the U.S. government and the Cherokees in 1835-36 and 1845. Prior to their forced removal, it should be noted, the Eastern Cherokee domain comprised all or part of the following southeastern states and counties:

Georgia: Bartow, Catoosa, Chattooga, Cherokee, Cobb, Dade, Dawson, Fannim, Floyd, Forsyth, Gilmer, Gordon, Haralson, Lumpkin, Milton, Murray, Paulding, Pickens, Polk, Town, Union, Walker, and Whitfield counties.

Alabama: Blount, Calhoun, Cherokee, Cleburne, De Kalb, Etowah, Jackson, and Marshall counties.

Tennessee: Blount, Bradley, Hamilton, James, Marion, Meigs, Monroe, and Polk counties. North Carolina: Cherokee, Clay, Graham, Macon, and Swain counties.

On May 28, 1909, Mr. Guion Miller, representing the Interior Department, submitted his findings with respect to 45,847 separate applications for compensation (totaling about 90,000 individual claimants). Miller qualified about 30,000 persons inhabiting 19 states to share in the fund. Ninety percent of these individuals were living west of the Mississippi River, but all of them were considered to be Eastern Cherokee by blood, that is, descendants of the Cherokee Nation that had been evicted from Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee in 1835. (Mr. Miller submitted a supplemental report in January 1910 that resulted in another 610 eligibles.)

The thirteenth volume in this series references 11,757 exceptions or reconsidered decisions from the first twelve volumes; Miller's exceptions and reconsiderations are found on National Archive Microfilm Roll M685, Roll 6, which Mr. Bowen only recently discovered. In each case the compiler provides the name of the applicant, number of children, the original application number, city and state of residence, number of exceptions in the case, and reason for the reconsideration. Every person named in this volume may be found in the index at the back of Volume XIII.

Between May 1905 and April 1907, the U.S. Supreme Court authorized the Secretary of the Interior to identify the descendants of Eastern Cherokees entitled to participate in the distribution of more than $1 million authorized by Congress. The purpose of the authorization was to settle outstanding claims made under treaties between the U.S. government and the Cherokees in 1835-36 and 1845. Prior to their forced removal, it should be noted, the Eastern Cherokee domain comprised all or part of the following southeastern states and counties:

Georgia: Bartow, Catoosa, Chattooga, Cherokee, Cobb, Dade, Dawson, Fannim, Floyd, Forsyth, Gilmer, Gordon, Haralson, Lumpkin, Milton, Murray, Paulding, Pickens, Polk, Town, Union, Walker, and Whitfield counties.

Alabama: Blount, Calhoun, Cherokee, Cleburne, De Kalb, Etowah, Jackson, and Marshall counties.

Tennessee: Blount, Bradley, Hamilton, James, Marion, Meigs, Monroe, and Polk counties. North Carolina: Cherokee, Clay, Graham, Macon, and Swain counties.

On May 28, 1909, Mr. Guion Miller, representing the Interior Department, submitted his findings with respect to 45,847 separate applications for compensation (totaling about 90,000 individual claimants). Miller qualified about 30,000 persons inhabiting 19 states to share in the fund. Ninety percent of these individuals were living west of the Mississippi River, but all of them were considered to be Eastern Cherokee by blood, that is, descendants of the Cherokee Nation that had been evicted from Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, and Tennessee in 1835. (Mr. Miller submitted a supplemental report in January 1910 that resulted in another 610 eligibles.)

The thirteenth volume in this series references 11,757 exceptions or reconsidered decisions from the first twelve volumes; Miller's exceptions and reconsiderations are found on National Archive Microfilm Roll M685, Roll 6, which Mr. Bowen only recently discovered. In each case the compiler provides the name of the applicant, number of children, the original application number, city and state of residence, number of exceptions in the case, and reason for the reconsideration. Every person named in this volume may be found in the index at the back of Volume XIII.

The demand for labor in the colonial period was such that by 1775 an estimated 350,000 to 500,000 indentured persons had been transported to America. The majority of these individuals were indigent, eager for a better life in the New World and willing to work off the cost of their passage by reimbursing ships' captains or others by the sweat of their brow. Other servants--especially after England's Transportation Act of 1718 opened the floodgates for exiled criminals--were in America to work off their prison sentences. This combined labor pool was vital to economic life of the Middle Colonies, including Pennsylvania, which received a significant population of German servants, also known as redemptioners.

Given the scale of indentured servitude, runaway servants were not an uncommon phenomenon in the 18th century. One source estimates that between 20-25% of indentured servants fled their masters. In the years immediately prior to the American Revolution, as this volume of colonial Pennsylvania runaways illustrates, the phenomenon of runaway servants was clearly on the rise. More Pennsylvanians fled indentured servitude between 1773 and 1775 than during any comparable three-year period.

From the genealogist's standpoint, this presents a methodological problem since it was in the runaway's best interest to conceal his/her identity after making a successful getaway. In other words, even if the runaway kept the same name, it is quite likely that the link to his original residence in America and to his country of origin was lost--lost, that is, unless his/her identity is uncovered in the thousands of runaway ads placed in colonial newspapers by the disgruntled "owners."

Enter Joseph Lee Boyle with his fifth collection of runaway servant ads for colonial Pennsylvanians, in this case spanning the tumultuous years 1773-1775. Mr. Boyle's transcriptions of the runaway ads, taken from thirty-two different colonial newspapers (including papers from Massachusetts, Connecticut, Maryland, and New York), provide valuable demographic information on about 3,500 additional individuals, with name, age, sex, height, plate of origin, clothing, occupation, speech, physical imperfections, and sometimes personal vignettes.

For this compilation the author has listed only white male and female runaways; however, for those ads where white and black runaways are listed together, blacks are so identified in the index at the back of the volume.

The demand for labor in the colonial period was such that by 1775 an estimated 350,000 to 500,000 indentured persons had been transported to America. The majority of these individuals were indigent, eager for a better life in the New World and willing to work off the cost of their passage by reimbursing ships' captains or others by the sweat of their brow. Other servants--especially after England's Transportation Act of 1718 opened the floodgates for exiled criminals--were in America to work off their prison sentences. This combined labor pool was vital to economic life of the Middle Colonies, including Pennsylvania, which received a significant population of German servants, also known as redemptioners.

Given the scale of indentured servitude, runaway servants were not an uncommon phenomenon in the 18th century. One source estimates that between 20-25% of indentured servants fled their masters. In the years immediately prior to the American Revolution, as this volume of colonial Pennsylvania runaways illustrates, the phenomenon of runaway servants was clearly on the rise. More Pennsylvanians fled indentured servitude between 1773 and 1775 than during any comparable three-year period.

From the genealogist's standpoint, this presents a methodological problem since it was in the runaway's best interest to conceal his/her identity after making a successful getaway. In other words, even if the runaway kept the same name, it is quite likely that the link to his original residence in America and to his country of origin was lost--lost, that is, unless his/her identity is uncovered in the thousands of runaway ads placed in colonial newspapers by the disgruntled "owners."

Enter Joseph Lee Boyle with his fifth collection of runaway servant ads for colonial Pennsylvanians, in this case spanning the tumultuous years 1773-1775. Mr. Boyle's transcriptions of the runaway ads, taken from thirty-two different colonial newspapers (including papers from Massachusetts, Connecticut, Maryland, and New York), provide valuable demographic information on about 3,500 additional individuals, with name, age, sex, height, plate of origin, clothing, occupation, speech, physical imperfections, and sometimes personal vignettes.

For this compilation the author has listed only white male and female runaways; however, for those ads where white and black runaways are listed together, blacks are so identified in the index at the back of the volume.

The demand for labor in the colonial period was such that by 1775 an estimated 350,000 to 500,000 indentured persons had been transported to America. Given the scale of indentured servitude, runaway servants were not an uncommon phenomenon in the 18th century.

This book, Joseph Lee Boyle's sixth collection of runaway servant ads for 18th-century Pennsylvanians, spans the era of the American Revolution. Mr. Boyle’s transcriptions of the runaway ads, taken from thirty-three different colonial newspapers (including papers from New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Maryland, New York, and New Jersey, as well as Pennsylvania), provide valuable demographic information on about 2,800 additional individuals, with name, age, sex, height, plate of origin, clothing, occupation, speech, physical imperfections, and sometimes personal vignettes.

Since the Continental Army and the militia of the various states suffered from a chronic shortage of manpower, many servants and apprentices served. As Joseph J. Ellis recently wrote in The Quartet: Orchestrating the Second American Revolution, 1783-1789, "The hard core of the Continental Army was eventually comprised of misfits--indentured servants, recently arrived immigrants, emancipated slaves, unemployed artisans."

This work includes individuals with Pennsylvania connections who did not run away in that state. For example, though he broke out of jail in Gloucester, New Jersey, Henry Lane is included in this collection as he "served part of his apprenticeship" in Philadelphia. William Pike was one of the "Philadelphia Exiles" who had been sent as prisoners to Winchester, Virginia in 1777. He escaped from there in February 1778, and as a native of Pennsylvania is included herein. Fifteen-year-old Joseph Paterson left his master in Burlington County in June 1778, and William Evans considered it "likely he will go towards Lancaster in Pennsylvania, as he has a brother that way."

This compilation lists only white men and women, though blacks in the same ad are included.

The demand for labor in the colonial period was such that by 1775 an estimated 350,000 to 500,000 indentured persons had been transported to America. Given the scale of indentured servitude, runaway servants were not an uncommon phenomenon in the 18th century.

This book, Joseph Lee Boyle's sixth collection of runaway servant ads for 18th-century Pennsylvanians, spans the era of the American Revolution. Mr. Boyle’s transcriptions of the runaway ads, taken from thirty-three different colonial newspapers (including papers from New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Maryland, New York, and New Jersey, as well as Pennsylvania), provide valuable demographic information on about 2,800 additional individuals, with name, age, sex, height, plate of origin, clothing, occupation, speech, physical imperfections, and sometimes personal vignettes.

Since the Continental Army and the militia of the various states suffered from a chronic shortage of manpower, many servants and apprentices served. As Joseph J. Ellis recently wrote in The Quartet: Orchestrating the Second American Revolution, 1783-1789, "The hard core of the Continental Army was eventually comprised of misfits--indentured servants, recently arrived immigrants, emancipated slaves, unemployed artisans."

This work includes individuals with Pennsylvania connections who did not run away in that state. For example, though he broke out of jail in Gloucester, New Jersey, Henry Lane is included in this collection as he "served part of his apprenticeship" in Philadelphia. William Pike was one of the "Philadelphia Exiles" who had been sent as prisoners to Winchester, Virginia in 1777. He escaped from there in February 1778, and as a native of Pennsylvania is included herein. Fifteen-year-old Joseph Paterson left his master in Burlington County in June 1778, and William Evans considered it "likely he will go towards Lancaster in Pennsylvania, as he has a brother that way."

This compilation lists only white men and women, though blacks in the same ad are included.

This book honors the Delaware and New York contingents of the American infantry that served at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. Mr. Boyle's informative introduction traces the service of the regiments before and after they joined General Washington in November 1777. The Delaware units, for example, served with distinction at the Battle of Long Island and other engagements in General Washington’s efforts to hold New York; after Valley Forge, the Delawares served primarily in the southern theater of the war, including at Guilford Court House, Hobkirk’s Hill, and Ninety Six. For their part, the New York regiments took part in the defense of Hudson River prior to wintering at Valley Forge, as well as in the triumphant victory at Yorktown in 1781.

The core of the book consists of an alphabetical list in excess of 2,000 Delaware and New York soldiers abstracted from Revolutionary War muster and payrolls. Each patriot is identified by name, rank, date, and term of enlistment or commission, names of regiment and company, and a variety of supporting details, such as date of furlough or discharge, when wounded, when and where promoted, etc. In support of the abstracts, the author has prepared a detailed glossary of terms found in the rosters, an explanatory list of locations referred to in the entries, and a lengthy, up-to-date bibliography.

This book honors the Delaware and New York contingents of the American infantry that served at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. Mr. Boyle's informative introduction traces the service of the regiments before and after they joined General Washington in November 1777. The Delaware units, for example, served with distinction at the Battle of Long Island and other engagements in General Washington’s efforts to hold New York; after Valley Forge, the Delawares served primarily in the southern theater of the war, including at Guilford Court House, Hobkirk’s Hill, and Ninety Six. For their part, the New York regiments took part in the defense of Hudson River prior to wintering at Valley Forge, as well as in the triumphant victory at Yorktown in 1781.

The core of the book consists of an alphabetical list in excess of 2,000 Delaware and New York soldiers abstracted from Revolutionary War muster and payrolls. Each patriot is identified by name, rank, date, and term of enlistment or commission, names of regiment and company, and a variety of supporting details, such as date of furlough or discharge, when wounded, when and where promoted, etc. In support of the abstracts, the author has prepared a detailed glossary of terms found in the rosters, an explanatory list of locations referred to in the entries, and a lengthy, up-to-date bibliography.

Sonia Murray has devoted much of her adult life to the extraction and transcription of records pertaining to nation of Belize (formerly British Honduras). We have previously published her transcriptions of the earliest parish registers of Belize. This book is her most ambitious work yet, as it incorporates sources found over a twenty-year period at London's Guildhall, the Belize National Archives, the British Library, the Colindale Newspaper Library, and the National Heritage Library at Belmopan, Belize. In all, Mrs. Murray identifies over 7,500 persons who lived or came to Belize from the middle of the 18th century to the first decade of the 19th century.

Belize's population for this period was a mixture of Native American, African, Spanish, Scottish, English, and Irish, as well as a smattering of American Loyalists. This admixture, in part the result of Belize's active trade in mahogany, is reflected in the scores of documents itemized in this volume's contents, including the following: Amerindian Ancestors; Indian Slaves; American Loyalists; Spanish Inspectors in the Bay; Heads of Household in Belize; Spain and the Slave Trade; Traders on the Shore; Militia Lists; Trading with America; and much more. Mrs. Murray has not only transcribed the source material but has also added lengthy [in some cases] and erudite annotations that shed light on the events and persons who figure in the story. In all cases the records place individuals in Belize at a moment in time; however, in many cases we also learn of family connections. For instance, the last will and testament of Bridge Bourke, dated 1806 and proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury in 1809, names Catherine Robinson, a widow, as her sister.

In short, They Came to Belize, 1750-1810 is an achievement of the first order. It belongs on the bookshelf of everyone who entertains a serious interest in Caribbean history and the genealogy of Belize.

Sonia Murray has devoted much of her adult life to the extraction and transcription of records pertaining to nation of Belize (formerly British Honduras). We have previously published her transcriptions of the earliest parish registers of Belize. This book is her most ambitious work yet, as it incorporates sources found over a twenty-year period at London's Guildhall, the Belize National Archives, the British Library, the Colindale Newspaper Library, and the National Heritage Library at Belmopan, Belize. In all, Mrs. Murray identifies over 7,500 persons who lived or came to Belize from the middle of the 18th century to the first decade of the 19th century.

Belize's population for this period was a mixture of Native American, African, Spanish, Scottish, English, and Irish, as well as a smattering of American Loyalists. This admixture, in part the result of Belize's active trade in mahogany, is reflected in the scores of documents itemized in this volume's contents, including the following: Amerindian Ancestors; Indian Slaves; American Loyalists; Spanish Inspectors in the Bay; Heads of Household in Belize; Spain and the Slave Trade; Traders on the Shore; Militia Lists; Trading with America; and much more. Mrs. Murray has not only transcribed the source material but has also added lengthy [in some cases] and erudite annotations that shed light on the events and persons who figure in the story. In all cases the records place individuals in Belize at a moment in time; however, in many cases we also learn of family connections. For instance, the last will and testament of Bridge Bourke, dated 1806 and proved in the Prerogative Court of Canterbury in 1809, names Catherine Robinson, a widow, as her sister.

In short, They Came to Belize, 1750-1810 is an achievement of the first order. It belongs on the bookshelf of everyone who entertains a serious interest in Caribbean history and the genealogy of Belize.

Calvert County, in Southern Maryland, was an original Maryland county established in 1654. The Provincial Land Office of Maryland was responsible for distributing land from 1634 to 1777 on behalf of the Lord Proprietor. The Lord Proprietor's rent rolls and the debt books, the means by which the Lord Proprietor kept track of the rents due him, both commence in 1715 (though some are no longer extant). The surviving rent rolls consist of entries for each tract of land patented, the name of the person for whom the land was originally surveyed, the present owner, acreage, and rent. Alienations, or subsequent sales and leases of the piece of land, are also included. The debt books' great value is that they enable the researcher to track land ownership over various years in cases of intestate estates, land inherited by women, and land that is not specified in a will.

This volume spans the period 1753-1764, with breaks for the years 1759 and 1760. The information is presented in tabular form: liber and folio citation, with any pertinent date; name of the person paying the taxes; and name of the tract of land and amount of acreage. From the Calvert debt books entries, several interesting facts have emerged: The county had a Free School established by 1753; and the towns of Lower Marlboro and Hunting Town were established communities there by 1753 and 1754, respectively. The leading landowners in Calvert County for this period were the Mackall family and Thomas Reynolds. Some county landowners were inhabitants of the following Maryland counties: Anne Arundel, Charles, Prince George's, and St. Mary's.

Calvert County, in Southern Maryland, was an original Maryland county established in 1654. The Provincial Land Office of Maryland was responsible for distributing land from 1634 to 1777 on behalf of the Lord Proprietor. The Lord Proprietor's rent rolls and the debt books, the means by which the Lord Proprietor kept track of the rents due him, both commence in 1715 (though some are no longer extant). The surviving rent rolls consist of entries for each tract of land patented, the name of the person for whom the land was originally surveyed, the present owner, acreage, and rent. Alienations, or subsequent sales and leases of the piece of land, are also included. The debt books' great value is that they enable the researcher to track land ownership over various years in cases of intestate estates, land inherited by women, and land that is not specified in a will.

This volume spans the period 1753-1764, with breaks for the years 1759 and 1760. The information is presented in tabular form: liber and folio citation, with any pertinent date; name of the person paying the taxes; and name of the tract of land and amount of acreage. From the Calvert debt books entries, several interesting facts have emerged: The county had a Free School established by 1753; and the towns of Lower Marlboro and Hunting Town were established communities there by 1753 and 1754, respectively. The leading landowners in Calvert County for this period were the Mackall family and Thomas Reynolds. Some county landowners were inhabitants of the following Maryland counties: Anne Arundel, Charles, Prince George's, and St. Mary's.

Calvert County, in Southern Maryland, was an original Maryland county established in 1654. The Provincial Land Office of Maryland was responsible for distributing land from 1634 to 1777 on behalf of the Lord Proprietor. The Lord Proprietor's rent rolls and the debt books, the means by which the Lord Proprietor kept track of the rents due him, both commence in 1715 (though some are no longer extant). The surviving rent rolls consist of entries for each tract of land patented, the name of the person for whom the land was originally surveyed, the present owner, acreage, and rent. Alienations, or subsequent sales and leases of the piece of land, are also included. The debt books' great value is that they enable the researcher to track land ownership over various years in cases of intestate estates, land inherited by women, and land that is not specified in a will.

This volume, the second covering Calvert County, spans the period 1765-1774, with a break for the year 1772. The information is presented in tabular form: liber and folio citation, with any pertinent date; name of the person paying the taxes; and name of the tract of land and amount of acreage. From the Calvert debt books entries, several interesting facts have emerged: The county had a Free School established by 1753; and the towns of Lower Marlboro and Hunting Town were established communities there by 1753 and 1754, respectively. The leading landowners in Calvert County for this period were the Mackall family and Thomas Reynolds. Some county landowners were inhabitants of the following Maryland counties: Anne Arundel, Charles, Prince George's, and St. Mary's.

Calvert County, in Southern Maryland, was an original Maryland county established in 1654. The Provincial Land Office of Maryland was responsible for distributing land from 1634 to 1777 on behalf of the Lord Proprietor. The Lord Proprietor's rent rolls and the debt books, the means by which the Lord Proprietor kept track of the rents due him, both commence in 1715 (though some are no longer extant). The surviving rent rolls consist of entries for each tract of land patented, the name of the person for whom the land was originally surveyed, the present owner, acreage, and rent. Alienations, or subsequent sales and leases of the piece of land, are also included. The debt books' great value is that they enable the researcher to track land ownership over various years in cases of intestate estates, land inherited by women, and land that is not specified in a will.

This volume, the second covering Calvert County, spans the period 1765-1774, with a break for the year 1772. The information is presented in tabular form: liber and folio citation, with any pertinent date; name of the person paying the taxes; and name of the tract of land and amount of acreage. From the Calvert debt books entries, several interesting facts have emerged: The county had a Free School established by 1753; and the towns of Lower Marlboro and Hunting Town were established communities there by 1753 and 1754, respectively. The leading landowners in Calvert County for this period were the Mackall family and Thomas Reynolds. Some county landowners were inhabitants of the following Maryland counties: Anne Arundel, Charles, Prince George's, and St. Mary's.

Cecil County, on Maryland's Eastern Shore, was created from Kent County, Maryland, in 1764. Durham County, Maryland, existed from only 1669 to 1672. The territory of what was Durham County, Maryland now occupies the southern half of Kent County, Delaware, and northern half of Sussex County, Delaware This new volume is the latest in the ongoing series Abstracts of the Debt Books of the Provincial Land Office of Maryland, by Vernon L. Skinner.

The Provincial Land Office of Maryland was responsible for distributing land from 1634 to 1777 on behalf of the Lord Proprietor. The Lord Proprietor's rent rolls and the debt books, the means by which the Lord Proprietor kept track of the rents due him, both commence in 1715 (though some are no longer extant). The surviving rent rolls consist of entries for each tract of land patented, the name of the person for whom the land was originally surveyed, the present owner, acreage, and rent. Alienations, or subsequent sales and leases of the piece of land, are also included. The debt books' great value is that they enable the researcher to track land ownership over various years in cases of intestate estates, land inherited by women, and land that is not specified in a will.

Mr. Skinner's 30th volume in this series pertains to Cecil and Durham counties and spans the period 1734-1766, with breaks for the years 1735-1737 and 1762-1765. The information in this series is presented in tabular form: liber and folio citation, with any pertinent date; name of the person paying the taxes; and name of the tract of land and amount of acreage.

Cecil County, on Maryland's Eastern Shore, was created from Kent County, Maryland, in 1764. Durham County, Maryland, existed from only 1669 to 1672. The territory of what was Durham County, Maryland now occupies the southern half of Kent County, Delaware, and northern half of Sussex County, Delaware This new volume is the latest in the ongoing series Abstracts of the Debt Books of the Provincial Land Office of Maryland, by Vernon L. Skinner.

The Provincial Land Office of Maryland was responsible for distributing land from 1634 to 1777 on behalf of the Lord Proprietor. The Lord Proprietor's rent rolls and the debt books, the means by which the Lord Proprietor kept track of the rents due him, both commence in 1715 (though some are no longer extant). The surviving rent rolls consist of entries for each tract of land patented, the name of the person for whom the land was originally surveyed, the present owner, acreage, and rent. Alienations, or subsequent sales and leases of the piece of land, are also included. The debt books' great value is that they enable the researcher to track land ownership over various years in cases of intestate estates, land inherited by women, and land that is not specified in a will.

Mr. Skinner's 30th volume in this series pertains to Cecil and Durham counties and spans the period 1734-1766, with breaks for the years 1735-1737 and 1762-1765. The information in this series is presented in tabular form: liber and folio citation, with any pertinent date; name of the person paying the taxes; and name of the tract of land and amount of acreage.

This is the first volume in Mr. Skinner's series pertaining to Queen Anne's County. The information is presented in tabular form: liber and folio citation, with any pertinent date; name of the person paying the taxes; and name of the tract of land and amount of acreage. From the Queen Anne's debt book we also learn that the county had established a free school by 1753; and the towns of Bridgetown, Kings Town, and Ogle Town were established communities there by 1747. The leading landowners in Queen Anne's County for this period were the Lloyd, Tilghman, and Wright families. A number of county landowners actually lived in other Maryland counties, places in Delaware and New Jersey, or locations abroad.

This is the first volume in Mr. Skinner's series pertaining to Queen Anne's County. The information is presented in tabular form: liber and folio citation, with any pertinent date; name of the person paying the taxes; and name of the tract of land and amount of acreage. From the Queen Anne's debt book we also learn that the county had established a free school by 1753; and the towns of Bridgetown, Kings Town, and Ogle Town were established communities there by 1747. The leading landowners in Queen Anne's County for this period were the Lloyd, Tilghman, and Wright families. A number of county landowners actually lived in other Maryland counties, places in Delaware and New Jersey, or locations abroad.

This is the second volume in Mr. Skinner's series pertaining to Queen Anne's County. The final portion of this volume covers 1775 for that portion of Queen Anne's County that became Caroline County. The information is presented in tabular form: liber and folio citation, with any pertinent date; name of the person paying the taxes; and name of the tract of land and amount of acreage. From the Queen Anne's debt book we also learn that the county had established a free school by 1753; and the towns of Bridgetown, Kings Town, and Ogle Town were established communities there by 1747. The leading landowners in Queen Anne's County for this period were the Lloyd, Tilghman, and Wright families. A number of county landowners actually lived in other Maryland counties, places in Delaware and New Jersey, or locations abroad.

This is the second volume in Mr. Skinner's series pertaining to Queen Anne's County. The final portion of this volume covers 1775 for that portion of Queen Anne's County that became Caroline County. The information is presented in tabular form: liber and folio citation, with any pertinent date; name of the person paying the taxes; and name of the tract of land and amount of acreage. From the Queen Anne's debt book we also learn that the county had established a free school by 1753; and the towns of Bridgetown, Kings Town, and Ogle Town were established communities there by 1747. The leading landowners in Queen Anne's County for this period were the Lloyd, Tilghman, and Wright families. A number of county landowners actually lived in other Maryland counties, places in Delaware and New Jersey, or locations abroad.

The Provincial Land Office of Maryland was responsible for distributing land from 1634 to 1777 on behalf of the Lord Proprietor. The Lord Proprietor's rent rolls and debt books--the means by which the Lord Proprietor kept track of the rents due him--both commence in 1715 (though some are no longer extant). The surviving rent rolls consist of entries for each tract of land patented, the name of the person for whom the land was originally surveyed, the present owner, acreage, and rent. Alienations, or subsequent sales and leases of the piece of land, are also included. The debt books’ great value is that they enable the researcher to track land ownership over various years in cases of intestate estates, land inherited by women, and land that is not specified in a will.

This volume pertaining to Kent County debt books presents the contents of the debt books in tabular form: liber and folio citation, with any pertinent date; name of the person paying the taxes; and name of the tract of land and amount of acreage. A number of interesting facts emerge from the Kent County debt books, including that the county had erected a free school by 1735 and that the towns of Chestertown and Georgetown were established communities in the county by 1738. A number of Kent County landowners actually lived in other Maryland counties, as well as places in Delaware, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, England, and Barbados.

The Provincial Land Office of Maryland was responsible for distributing land from 1634 to 1777 on behalf of the Lord Proprietor. The Lord Proprietor's rent rolls and debt books--the means by which the Lord Proprietor kept track of the rents due him--both commence in 1715 (though some are no longer extant). The surviving rent rolls consist of entries for each tract of land patented, the name of the person for whom the land was originally surveyed, the present owner, acreage, and rent. Alienations, or subsequent sales and leases of the piece of land, are also included. The debt books’ great value is that they enable the researcher to track land ownership over various years in cases of intestate estates, land inherited by women, and land that is not specified in a will.

This volume pertaining to Kent County debt books presents the contents of the debt books in tabular form: liber and folio citation, with any pertinent date; name of the person paying the taxes; and name of the tract of land and amount of acreage. A number of interesting facts emerge from the Kent County debt books, including that the county had erected a free school by 1735 and that the towns of Chestertown and Georgetown were established communities in the county by 1738. A number of Kent County landowners actually lived in other Maryland counties, as well as places in Delaware, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, England, and Barbados.

The Provincial Land Office of Maryland was responsible for distributing land from 1634 to 1777 on behalf of the Lord Proprietor. The Lord Proprietor's rent rolls and debt books--the means by which the Lord Proprietor kept track of the rents due him--both commence in 1715 (though some are no longer extant). The surviving rent rolls consist of entries for each tract of land patented, the name of the person for whom the land was originally surveyed, the present owner, acreage, and rent. Alienations, or subsequent sales and leases of the piece of land, are also included. The debt books’ great value is that they enable the researcher to track land ownership over various years in cases of intestate estates, land inherited by women, and land that is not specified in a will.

This is the second volume by Vernon Skinner pertaining to Kent County debt books. It presents the contents of the debt books in tabular form: liber and folio citation, with any pertinent date; name of the person paying the taxes; and name of the tract of land and amount of acreage. A number of interesting facts emerge from the Kent County debt books, including that the county had erected a free school by 1735 and that the towns of Chestertown and Georgetown were established communities in the county by 1738. A number of Kent County landowners actually lived in other Maryland counties, as well as places in Delaware, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, England, and Barbados.

The Provincial Land Office of Maryland was responsible for distributing land from 1634 to 1777 on behalf of the Lord Proprietor. The Lord Proprietor's rent rolls and debt books--the means by which the Lord Proprietor kept track of the rents due him--both commence in 1715 (though some are no longer extant). The surviving rent rolls consist of entries for each tract of land patented, the name of the person for whom the land was originally surveyed, the present owner, acreage, and rent. Alienations, or subsequent sales and leases of the piece of land, are also included. The debt books’ great value is that they enable the researcher to track land ownership over various years in cases of intestate estates, land inherited by women, and land that is not specified in a will.

This is the second volume by Vernon Skinner pertaining to Kent County debt books. It presents the contents of the debt books in tabular form: liber and folio citation, with any pertinent date; name of the person paying the taxes; and name of the tract of land and amount of acreage. A number of interesting facts emerge from the Kent County debt books, including that the county had erected a free school by 1735 and that the towns of Chestertown and Georgetown were established communities in the county by 1738. A number of Kent County landowners actually lived in other Maryland counties, as well as places in Delaware, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, England, and Barbados.

The Provincial Land Office of Maryland was responsible for distributing land from 1634 to 1777 on behalf of the Lord Proprietor. The Lord Proprietor's rent rolls and debt books--the means by which the Lord Proprietor kept track of the rents due him--both commence in 1715 (though some are no longer extant). The surviving rent rolls consist of entries for each tract of land patented, the name of the person for whom the land was originally surveyed, the present owner, acreage, and rent. Alienations, or subsequent sales and leases of the piece of land, are also included. The debt books’ great value is that they enable the researcher to track land ownership over various years in cases of intestate estates, land inherited by women, and land that is not specified in a will.

This is the third volume by Vernon Skinner pertaining to Kent County debt books. It presents the contents of the debt books in tabular form: liber and folio citation, with any pertinent date; name of the person paying the taxes; and name of the tract of land and amount of acreage. A number of interesting facts emerge from the Kent County debt books, including that the county had erected a free school by 1735 and that the towns of Chestertown and Georgetown were established communities in the county by 1738. A number of Kent County landowners actually lived in other Maryland counties, as well as places in Delaware, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, England, and Barbados.

The Provincial Land Office of Maryland was responsible for distributing land from 1634 to 1777 on behalf of the Lord Proprietor. The Lord Proprietor's rent rolls and debt books--the means by which the Lord Proprietor kept track of the rents due him--both commence in 1715 (though some are no longer extant). The surviving rent rolls consist of entries for each tract of land patented, the name of the person for whom the land was originally surveyed, the present owner, acreage, and rent. Alienations, or subsequent sales and leases of the piece of land, are also included. The debt books’ great value is that they enable the researcher to track land ownership over various years in cases of intestate estates, land inherited by women, and land that is not specified in a will.

This is the third volume by Vernon Skinner pertaining to Kent County debt books. It presents the contents of the debt books in tabular form: liber and folio citation, with any pertinent date; name of the person paying the taxes; and name of the tract of land and amount of acreage. A number of interesting facts emerge from the Kent County debt books, including that the county had erected a free school by 1735 and that the towns of Chestertown and Georgetown were established communities in the county by 1738. A number of Kent County landowners actually lived in other Maryland counties, as well as places in Delaware, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, England, and Barbados.