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In 2001 twenty-three genealogists collaborated to produce the first-ever textbook outlining professional standards and practices in the discipline of genealogy. Edited by Elizabeth Shown Mills, the groundbreaking Professional Genealogy: A Manual for Researchers, Writers, Editors, Lecturers & Librarians (ProGen) addressed not just genealogy sources but also strategies and analytical skills, best practices and standards for historical research, and how to conduct a genealogical business. It remains a go-to manual for genealogists.

Now a new generation of genealogical educators have given the field an entirely new guide to the profession of genealogy--offering fresh insights and new specialties, grounded in more-solid standards and wider experiences and applications. In twenty-six chapters, written by twenty-two experts and edited by Elizabeth Shown Mills, Professional Genealogy: Preparation, Practice & Standards (ProGen PPS) is an invaluable resource for professional genealogists and students, as well as all family history researchers. "From genetic and forensic genealogy to ethics and contracts, business structures, marketing, writing, editing, and preparing books for press, ProGen PPS promises to inspire thought processes and ignite new discussions"(Billie Stone Fogarty, M. Ed. President, Association of Professional Genealogists).

"Searching for roots" is a popular hobby, but genealogy is a discipline. From courts of law to government agencies, from medical research projects to television shows, reliable genealogical research is an essential in modern societies. The public sector needs professionals who know historical archives well but, more importantly, understand the strengths and weaknesses of individual records. It needs professionals skilled not only in research principles but the far more difficult challenge of proving identities and kinship. It needs professionals who understand proof and the standards that produce reliable evidence.

ProGen PPS provides a complete course of instruction to prepare genealogists for a career in a complex field. Whether you discover this career path as a young adult or come into genealogy as a mature researcher trained in another professional discipline, ProGen PPS will ground you in the essential practices, standards, and language of genealogy--those expected by courts, government agencies, and others who commission research. If you are a librarian or archivist who assists family historians on a daily basis, ProGen PPS provides a framework to coach them well. If you are a family or local historian, seeking to learn and preserve your heritage, ProGen PPS will help you avoid common pitfalls and guide you through the production of quality works.

Reviews

About the Author

In 2001 twenty-three genealogists collaborated to produce the first-ever textbook outlining professional standards and practices in the discipline of genealogy. Edited by Elizabeth Shown Mills, the groundbreaking Professional Genealogy: A Manual for Researchers, Writers, Editors, Lecturers & Librarians (ProGen) addressed not just genealogy sources but also strategies and analytical skills, best practices and standards for historical research, and how to conduct a genealogical business. It remains a go-to manual for genealogists.

Now a new generation of genealogical educators have given the field an entirely new guide to the profession of genealogy--offering fresh insights and new specialties, grounded in more-solid standards and wider experiences and applications. In twenty-six chapters, written by twenty-two experts and edited by Elizabeth Shown Mills, Professional Genealogy: Preparation, Practice & Standards (ProGen PPS) is an invaluable resource for professional genealogists and students, as well as all family history researchers. "From genetic and forensic genealogy to ethics and contracts, business structures, marketing, writing, editing, and preparing books for press, ProGen PPS promises to inspire thought processes and ignite new discussions"(Billie Stone Fogarty, M. Ed. President, Association of Professional Genealogists).

"Searching for roots" is a popular hobby, but genealogy is a discipline. From courts of law to government agencies, from medical research projects to television shows, reliable genealogical research is an essential in modern societies. The public sector needs professionals who know historical archives well but, more importantly, understand the strengths and weaknesses of individual records. It needs professionals skilled not only in research principles but the far more difficult challenge of proving identities and kinship. It needs professionals who understand proof and the standards that produce reliable evidence.

ProGen PPS provides a complete course of instruction to prepare genealogists for a career in a complex field. Whether you discover this career path as a young adult or come into genealogy as a mature researcher trained in another professional discipline, ProGen PPS will ground you in the essential practices, standards, and language of genealogy--those expected by courts, government agencies, and others who commission research. If you are a librarian or archivist who assists family historians on a daily basis, ProGen PPS provides a framework to coach them well. If you are a family or local historian, seeking to learn and preserve your heritage, ProGen PPS will help you avoid common pitfalls and guide you through the production of quality works.

Reviews

About the Author

Most Americans with sizable New England Yankee, mid-Atlantic Quaker, or Southern "planter" ancestry are descended from medieval kings--kings of England, Scotland and France especially. This book tells you how. Outlined on 997 pages of charts are the best royal descents--i.e., from the most recent king—of 900 (actually 970) immigrants to the American colonies, Quebec, or the United States who were themselves notable or left descendants notable in American history. This volume is a massive expansion on previous books on this topic, even the author’s own 1993 and 2004 volumes, The Royal Descents of 500 Immigrants and The Royal Descents of 600 Immigrants. To the latter new work adds over 85 colonial immigrants, over 150 nineteenth- and twentieth-century immigrants, and 45 French Canadians (about half from France to Quebec, and half from Quebec to the U.S.).

The Royal Descents of 900 Immigrants is also a comprehensive survey, undertaken over a period of more than 50 years, of virtually all printed sources that lead to these royal lines. A survey of this size has never before been attempted. The result is a book that quantitatively and qualitatively redefines this area of genealogical research and outlines--definitively to date--American genealogical links to medieval kings and their "dark age" and “ancient world” forebears. It summarizes all pertinent research published through 2017 and is by far the most comprehensive treatment of the subject in print. RD900 does not supersede such works as Weis’s Ancestral Roots and Magna Charta Sureties; Plantagenet Ancestry, or Magna Carta Ancestry; or the five-volume 2013 Royal Ancestry by Douglas Richardson; The Complete Peerage; or the Europäische Stammtafeln series. Rather, RD900 builds on and outlines the "best" royal descents from these and similar works, providing a bibliography for each immigrant and ready means of access to royal-descent literature.

Of the 970 immigrants treated in this work, 489 came to the American colonies and left descendants, in some cases now numbering several million, but almost always many thousands. Among the progeny of each of the 489 is at least one figure in the Dictionary of American Biography, American National Biography, or similar works covering 20,000 or more important people in American history. The remaining immigrants (colonial governors or other officials, "Great Awakening" or Revolutionary figures who often returned to Europe, and many nineteenth- and early twentieth-century notables) collectively suggest much about distant kinships of living Americans, the total contributions to American life of persons of noble, royal, and gentle ancestry, and genealogical connections between Americans and many major leaders in world history.

The index to both volumes appears at the end of Volume I.

Most Americans with sizable New England Yankee, mid-Atlantic Quaker, or Southern "planter" ancestry are descended from medieval kings--kings of England, Scotland and France especially. This book tells you how. Outlined on 997 pages of charts are the best royal descents--i.e., from the most recent king—of 900 (actually 970) immigrants to the American colonies, Quebec, or the United States who were themselves notable or left descendants notable in American history. This volume is a massive expansion on previous books on this topic, even the author’s own 1993 and 2004 volumes, The Royal Descents of 500 Immigrants and The Royal Descents of 600 Immigrants. To the latter new work adds over 85 colonial immigrants, over 150 nineteenth- and twentieth-century immigrants, and 45 French Canadians (about half from France to Quebec, and half from Quebec to the U.S.).

The Royal Descents of 900 Immigrants is also a comprehensive survey, undertaken over a period of more than 50 years, of virtually all printed sources that lead to these royal lines. A survey of this size has never before been attempted. The result is a book that quantitatively and qualitatively redefines this area of genealogical research and outlines--definitively to date--American genealogical links to medieval kings and their "dark age" and “ancient world” forebears. It summarizes all pertinent research published through 2017 and is by far the most comprehensive treatment of the subject in print. RD900 does not supersede such works as Weis’s Ancestral Roots and Magna Charta Sureties; Plantagenet Ancestry, or Magna Carta Ancestry; or the five-volume 2013 Royal Ancestry by Douglas Richardson; The Complete Peerage; or the Europäische Stammtafeln series. Rather, RD900 builds on and outlines the "best" royal descents from these and similar works, providing a bibliography for each immigrant and ready means of access to royal-descent literature.

Of the 970 immigrants treated in this work, 489 came to the American colonies and left descendants, in some cases now numbering several million, but almost always many thousands. Among the progeny of each of the 489 is at least one figure in the Dictionary of American Biography, American National Biography, or similar works covering 20,000 or more important people in American history. The remaining immigrants (colonial governors or other officials, "Great Awakening" or Revolutionary figures who often returned to Europe, and many nineteenth- and early twentieth-century notables) collectively suggest much about distant kinships of living Americans, the total contributions to American life of persons of noble, royal, and gentle ancestry, and genealogical connections between Americans and many major leaders in world history.

The index to both volumes appears at the end of Volume I.

"The challenge I give to the genealogist is to reach beyond the vital statistics to a new world of understanding, both of his ancestors and of himself. . . . Someone has said that there is little point in digging up an ancestor if you are not going to make him live"-- Val D. Greenwood

In every field of study, there is one book that rises above the rest in stature and authority and becomes the standard work in the field. In genealogy that book is Val Greenwood's Researcher's Guide to American Genealogy. Arguably the best book ever written on American genealogy, it instructs the researcher in the timeless principles of genealogical research, while identifying the most current classes of records and research tools.

Research in family history has experienced unprecedented changes since the year 2000, when the 3rd edition of this book was published—changes surpassing anything that most of us even dreamed of at that time. These changes have come about because of the significant technological advances that have greatly facilitated genealogy research.

This new 4th edition of The Researcher's Guide has been completely updated, incorporating all the latest developments, principles, and resources relevant to family history research. There are now two chapters about technology as it relates to family history research--one dealing with significant concepts and definitions and the other with specific resources and applications, including major family history websites and Internet resources. In addition, virtually every chapter provides information on Internet websites pertinent to the subject discussed in that chapter.

However, despite the fact that the steps involving family history research are greatly facilitated and enhanced by modern technology, it is still essential to search all available records for all persons of your surname(s) of interest, and to carefully analyze and evaluate all the information you find to determine if and how it provides evidence that relates to your objectives. Good instructional guidance is critical to the success of family history research, and this is where The Researcher's Guide is unsurpassed. It is both a textbook and an all-purpose reference book, designed to help the present generation of family history researchers better understand the methods and principles of family history research, and learn how to utilize all available resources. As Val Greenwood writes, "These are our ancestors we are talking about here; we owe it to them to get it right."

This new 4th edition provides a clear, comprehensive, and up-to-date account of American genealogy—no sound genealogical project is complete without it.

"Recommended as the most comprehensive how-to book on American genealogical and local history research."—Library Journal

"The challenge I give to the genealogist is to reach beyond the vital statistics to a new world of understanding, both of his ancestors and of himself. . . . Someone has said that there is little point in digging up an ancestor if you are not going to make him live"-- Val D. Greenwood

In every field of study, there is one book that rises above the rest in stature and authority and becomes the standard work in the field. In genealogy that book is Val Greenwood's Researcher's Guide to American Genealogy. Arguably the best book ever written on American genealogy, it instructs the researcher in the timeless principles of genealogical research, while identifying the most current classes of records and research tools.

Research in family history has experienced unprecedented changes since the year 2000, when the 3rd edition of this book was published—changes surpassing anything that most of us even dreamed of at that time. These changes have come about because of the significant technological advances that have greatly facilitated genealogy research.

This new 4th edition of The Researcher's Guide has been completely updated, incorporating all the latest developments, principles, and resources relevant to family history research. There are now two chapters about technology as it relates to family history research--one dealing with significant concepts and definitions and the other with specific resources and applications, including major family history websites and Internet resources. In addition, virtually every chapter provides information on Internet websites pertinent to the subject discussed in that chapter.

However, despite the fact that the steps involving family history research are greatly facilitated and enhanced by modern technology, it is still essential to search all available records for all persons of your surname(s) of interest, and to carefully analyze and evaluate all the information you find to determine if and how it provides evidence that relates to your objectives. Good instructional guidance is critical to the success of family history research, and this is where The Researcher's Guide is unsurpassed. It is both a textbook and an all-purpose reference book, designed to help the present generation of family history researchers better understand the methods and principles of family history research, and learn how to utilize all available resources. As Val Greenwood writes, "These are our ancestors we are talking about here; we owe it to them to get it right."

This new 4th edition provides a clear, comprehensive, and up-to-date account of American genealogy—no sound genealogical project is complete without it.

"Recommended as the most comprehensive how-to book on American genealogical and local history research."—Library Journal

Evidence Explained is the definitive guide to the citation and analysis of historical sources--a guide so thorough that it leaves nothing to chance. While countless websites now suggest ways to identify their offerings, few of those address the analytical needs of a researcher concerned with the nature and provenance of web material, whose numerous incarnations and transformations often affect the reliability of their content.

In the two years since the Third Edition was published, changes at major repositories and online information providers--as well as the ever-evolving electronic world--have generated new citation and analysis challenges for researchers. As a consequence, Mrs. Mills has once again revised her citation models and added descriptions and evaluations of numerous contemporary materials not included in the original Third Edition. Here are the major changes you will find in this revised Third Edition:

• Changes to about 75 pages in the text and index
•  
• New citations for the National Archives (NARA) website and manner of identifying documents
•  
• Updates for citing DAR's revamped website and databases
•  
• Alterations in citations for the DAR website and database
•  
• Immigration citations reflecting changed records at the Ellis Island website

"The latest revision of this style manual, meant specifically for historical research and family genealogy work, builds upon the previous editions by adding new citation models, updates to websites, and information on new materials. There are more than 1,000 citation models covering print, microfilm and microfiche, websites, digital books and journals, DVDs, CDs, podcasts, and more. The glossary and bibliography have also been expanded. Libraries owning a previous edition will want to update; those where historical research-- particularly genealogy--is important will want to acquire it as well."--Rebecca Vnuk, Booklist (Sept. 1, 2017)

"The definitive guide for how to cite every conceivable kind of source a historian might use, from traditional archival materials to digital media to the most arcane sources imaginable."—John B. Boles, William P. Hobby Professor of History, Rice University

"Twenty-first century technology confronts historians and students with a bewildering proliferation of information some of it accurate and too much of it dubious. In Evidence Explained, Mills demonstrates how to separate the wheat from the chaff and how to report one’s sources and achievements. This encyclopedic guidebook is an invaluable resource for historians, students and editors alike."—Jon Kukla, author of Mr. Jefferson’s Women and A Wilderness So Immense: The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America

"Historians will welcome the publication of this detailed guide to citations. Even avid users of The Chicago Manual of Style regularly encounter sources for which that handbook gives no guidance. Now we can turn to Elizabeth Shown Mills’s comprehensive work."—Journal of Southern History

"A key resource guide for scholars and serious researchers who must rely upon and understand historical evidence. Highly recommended."—R.V. Labaree, Choice

"This is an essential resource for family historians; highly recommended for all libraries."—Library Journal (First edition: Library Journal Best Reference 2007)

"In standardizing a family history style, Mills has advanced the discipline. She has given researchers, writers, editors, and publishers invaluable new tools to bring quality and consistency to their work and distinction to the field."—National Genealogical Society Quarterly

"Meant not only as a style guide for the types of source citations used by historians and genealogists, this book also discusses why analysis of information within the total context of a source is imperative to understanding the nature of a fact. Citations not only tell where the source was found, but also can indicate a level of confidence to knowledgeable researchers."—Association of Professional Genealogists Quarterly

** Library Journal’s Best Reference 2007 **
** Winner of the National Genealogical Society’s 2008 Award of Excellence**

Evidence Explained is the definitive guide to the citation and analysis of historical sources--a guide so thorough that it leaves nothing to chance. While countless websites now suggest ways to identify their offerings, few of those address the analytical needs of a researcher concerned with the nature and provenance of web material, whose numerous incarnations and transformations often affect the reliability of their content.

In the two years since the Third Edition was published, changes at major repositories and online information providers--as well as the ever-evolving electronic world--have generated new citation and analysis challenges for researchers. As a consequence, Mrs. Mills has once again revised her citation models and added descriptions and evaluations of numerous contemporary materials not included in the original Third Edition. Here are the major changes you will find in this revised Third Edition:

• Changes to about 75 pages in the text and index
•  
• New citations for the National Archives (NARA) website and manner of identifying documents
•  
• Updates for citing DAR's revamped website and databases
•  
• Alterations in citations for the DAR website and database
•  
• Immigration citations reflecting changed records at the Ellis Island website

"The latest revision of this style manual, meant specifically for historical research and family genealogy work, builds upon the previous editions by adding new citation models, updates to websites, and information on new materials. There are more than 1,000 citation models covering print, microfilm and microfiche, websites, digital books and journals, DVDs, CDs, podcasts, and more. The glossary and bibliography have also been expanded. Libraries owning a previous edition will want to update; those where historical research-- particularly genealogy--is important will want to acquire it as well."--Rebecca Vnuk, Booklist (Sept. 1, 2017)

"The definitive guide for how to cite every conceivable kind of source a historian might use, from traditional archival materials to digital media to the most arcane sources imaginable."—John B. Boles, William P. Hobby Professor of History, Rice University

"Twenty-first century technology confronts historians and students with a bewildering proliferation of information some of it accurate and too much of it dubious. In Evidence Explained, Mills demonstrates how to separate the wheat from the chaff and how to report one’s sources and achievements. This encyclopedic guidebook is an invaluable resource for historians, students and editors alike."—Jon Kukla, author of Mr. Jefferson’s Women and A Wilderness So Immense: The Louisiana Purchase and the Destiny of America

"Historians will welcome the publication of this detailed guide to citations. Even avid users of The Chicago Manual of Style regularly encounter sources for which that handbook gives no guidance. Now we can turn to Elizabeth Shown Mills’s comprehensive work."—Journal of Southern History

"A key resource guide for scholars and serious researchers who must rely upon and understand historical evidence. Highly recommended."—R.V. Labaree, Choice

"This is an essential resource for family historians; highly recommended for all libraries."—Library Journal (First edition: Library Journal Best Reference 2007)

"In standardizing a family history style, Mills has advanced the discipline. She has given researchers, writers, editors, and publishers invaluable new tools to bring quality and consistency to their work and distinction to the field."—National Genealogical Society Quarterly

"Meant not only as a style guide for the types of source citations used by historians and genealogists, this book also discusses why analysis of information within the total context of a source is imperative to understanding the nature of a fact. Citations not only tell where the source was found, but also can indicate a level of confidence to knowledgeable researchers."—Association of Professional Genealogists Quarterly

** Library Journal’s Best Reference 2007 **
** Winner of the National Genealogical Society’s 2008 Award of Excellence**

This is the 7th edition of the International Vital Records Handbook, a resource that is even more valuable today than it was when it was first published. Not only does it give persons needing certification of their own important life events the tools needed to obtain these certificates, it also gives genealogists and historians the location--both online and on-site--of vital records databases and indexes, as well as other resources that could help further their research.

At one time or another everyone needs copies of birth, marriage, civil union, divorce, death, or pre-adoption certificates for driver's licenses, passports, jobs, Social Security, family history research, school enrollment, proof of citizenship, or simple proof of identity. But the fact is that the requirements and fees needed to obtain copies of vital records vary from state to state and from country to country, often requiring tedious research and wading through confusing websites of large agencies before the appropriate forms can be obtained and the correct procedures followed. The International Vital Records Handbook will put an end to all that, as it offers complete, up-to-date information on where and how to request vital records. It also includes copies of the application forms, where available, thus simplifying and speeding up the process by which vital records are obtained, regardless of the number or type of application forms required.

This edition contains

• the latest application forms and ordering information for each of the fifty states and, where available, for the other countries of the world;
• details about records that were created prior to statewide vital records registration;
• information on which records are restricted and for how long, and whether "informational" or uncertified copies of records are available to genealogy researchers;
• locations of vital records collections, online databases, and institutions of interest to genealogy researchers;
• adoption search contact information and, where available, pre-adoption birth record and adoption search applications;
• key addresses of repositories or embassies that might help you obtain copies of vital records in countries where neither a centralized vital records registration system nor a vital records application form is available.

Locating vital records and navigating your way through the various privacy laws and storage facilities can be difficult. The International Vital Records Handbook will make the process immeasurably easier.

This is the 7th edition of the International Vital Records Handbook, a resource that is even more valuable today than it was when it was first published. Not only does it give persons needing certification of their own important life events the tools needed to obtain these certificates, it also gives genealogists and historians the location--both online and on-site--of vital records databases and indexes, as well as other resources that could help further their research.

At one time or another everyone needs copies of birth, marriage, civil union, divorce, death, or pre-adoption certificates for driver's licenses, passports, jobs, Social Security, family history research, school enrollment, proof of citizenship, or simple proof of identity. But the fact is that the requirements and fees needed to obtain copies of vital records vary from state to state and from country to country, often requiring tedious research and wading through confusing websites of large agencies before the appropriate forms can be obtained and the correct procedures followed. The International Vital Records Handbook will put an end to all that, as it offers complete, up-to-date information on where and how to request vital records. It also includes copies of the application forms, where available, thus simplifying and speeding up the process by which vital records are obtained, regardless of the number or type of application forms required.

This edition contains

• the latest application forms and ordering information for each of the fifty states and, where available, for the other countries of the world;
• details about records that were created prior to statewide vital records registration;
• information on which records are restricted and for how long, and whether "informational" or uncertified copies of records are available to genealogy researchers;
• locations of vital records collections, online databases, and institutions of interest to genealogy researchers;
• adoption search contact information and, where available, pre-adoption birth record and adoption search applications;
• key addresses of repositories or embassies that might help you obtain copies of vital records in countries where neither a centralized vital records registration system nor a vital records application form is available.

Locating vital records and navigating your way through the various privacy laws and storage facilities can be difficult. The International Vital Records Handbook will make the process immeasurably easier.

Historians and genealogists have mostly overlooked the role of women in the American Revolution, even though women’s roles in working their farms, raising their children, and generally supporting the morale of the Patriot side were of great importance. The suffering of the men at Valley Forge, on the British prison ships, and during long marches is well documented; however, women also faced daily pain and hardship. Many times they watched their homes burn, were threatened with physical harm, or had to bury their loved ones. Women also faced dangers working as spies, nursing, boycotting British goods, publishing writings in support of the American cause, and, when necessary, defending their homes against attacks from the British or their allies.

The purpose of this book by Jack Crowder is to highlight roughly 90 women who went beyond the norm in supporting America’s struggle for Independence. In a series of vignettes, some of them illustrated and all of them documented, the author recounts the heroism of the women who rendered service in the various theatres of the conflict. While some of these heroines, such as “Molly Pitcher” or Anna Strong (member of General Washington’s spy ring), are already the stuff of legend, most researchers--thanks to Mr. Crowder--will be making the acquaintance of these women patriots for the first time. Accordingly, we have listed each of them below, followed by the state or region in which they served:

Hannah White Arnett (NY), Mrs. Ashe (SC), Agnes Hobson Bacon (VA), Ann Bailey (MA), Ann Hennis Bailey (OH), Penelope Pagett Barker (NC), Rebecca & Miliscent Barrett (MA), Hannah Barron (MA), Kate Barry (NC), Margaret Galbraith Barton (VA), Mother Batherick (MA), Sarah Matthews Reed Osborn Benjamin (NY), Elizabeth Gilmore Berry (PA), Katherine Montgomery Bledsoe (VA), Susanna Bolling (VA), Jemima Boone (NC), Margaret Louisa Smith Bowen (VA), Martha Bratton (NC), Elizabeth Burgin (NH), Nancy Butler (SC), Rachel Caldwell (PA), Deborah Champion (CT), Ann Robertson Cockrill (NC), Henrietta Maria Cole (SC), Polly Cooper (PA), Margaret Cochran Corbin (PA), Lydia Darragh (PA), Ann Simpson Davis (PA), Catharine Martin Davidson (PA), Mary Ramage Dillard (SC), Rachel Donelson (VA), Betsy Dowdy (NC), Phoebe Reynolds Drake (NY), Mary Draper (MA), Anna Elliott (SC), Rosanna Waters Farrow (VA), Phoebe Fraunces (NY), Aunt Betty Frazee (NJ), Mary “Polly” Worall Taylor Frazer (PA), Elizabeth Freeman “Mum Bett” (MA), Sarah Bradlee Fulton (MA), Deborah Sampson Gannett (MA), Emily Geiger (SC), Mary Katherine Goddard (RI), Hannah Gorton (RI), Elizabeth Hager (PA), Anne Kennedy Hamilton (SC), Nancy Hart (GA), Molly Ludwig Hays [“Molly Pitcher”] (PA), Hannah Israel (DE), Mammy Kate (GA), Mary Knight (PA), Anna Maria Lane (VA), Dicey Langston (SC), Mrs. Latham (NY), Agnes Dickinson Lee (CT), Jeannette Leman (SC), Sybil Ludington (NY), Lydia Mackey (SC), Elizabeth, Grace & Rachel Martin (SC), Mary McClure (SC), Behethland Moore (VA), Mary Murry (NY), Mary Redmond (PA), Esther de Berdt Reed (PA), Molly “Mom” Rinker (PA), Sally Salter (NC), Sarah Hartwell Shattuck (MA), Mary Slocumb (NC), Elizabeth (Molly) Page Stark (MA), Elizabeth Steele (SC), Sally St. Clair (GA), Anna Strong (NY), Sarah Tarrant (MA), Jane Black Thomas (SC), Sarah Townsend (NY), Martha Lott van Doren (NJ), Catherine Van Winkle (NJ), Nanyehi aka Nancy Ward (TN), Hannah Watts Weston (MA), Mrs. Whitall (NJ), Eleanor Carruthers Wilson (SC), Abigail Wright (MA), Prudence Cummings Wright (MA), Mary “Polly” Wyckoff (NJ), and Elizabeth Zane (VA/WV).

Historians and genealogists have mostly overlooked the role of women in the American Revolution, even though women’s roles in working their farms, raising their children, and generally supporting the morale of the Patriot side were of great importance. The suffering of the men at Valley Forge, on the British prison ships, and during long marches is well documented; however, women also faced daily pain and hardship. Many times they watched their homes burn, were threatened with physical harm, or had to bury their loved ones. Women also faced dangers working as spies, nursing, boycotting British goods, publishing writings in support of the American cause, and, when necessary, defending their homes against attacks from the British or their allies.

The purpose of this book by Jack Crowder is to highlight roughly 90 women who went beyond the norm in supporting America’s struggle for Independence. In a series of vignettes, some of them illustrated and all of them documented, the author recounts the heroism of the women who rendered service in the various theatres of the conflict. While some of these heroines, such as “Molly Pitcher” or Anna Strong (member of General Washington’s spy ring), are already the stuff of legend, most researchers--thanks to Mr. Crowder--will be making the acquaintance of these women patriots for the first time. Accordingly, we have listed each of them below, followed by the state or region in which they served:

Hannah White Arnett (NY), Mrs. Ashe (SC), Agnes Hobson Bacon (VA), Ann Bailey (MA), Ann Hennis Bailey (OH), Penelope Pagett Barker (NC), Rebecca & Miliscent Barrett (MA), Hannah Barron (MA), Kate Barry (NC), Margaret Galbraith Barton (VA), Mother Batherick (MA), Sarah Matthews Reed Osborn Benjamin (NY), Elizabeth Gilmore Berry (PA), Katherine Montgomery Bledsoe (VA), Susanna Bolling (VA), Jemima Boone (NC), Margaret Louisa Smith Bowen (VA), Martha Bratton (NC), Elizabeth Burgin (NH), Nancy Butler (SC), Rachel Caldwell (PA), Deborah Champion (CT), Ann Robertson Cockrill (NC), Henrietta Maria Cole (SC), Polly Cooper (PA), Margaret Cochran Corbin (PA), Lydia Darragh (PA), Ann Simpson Davis (PA), Catharine Martin Davidson (PA), Mary Ramage Dillard (SC), Rachel Donelson (VA), Betsy Dowdy (NC), Phoebe Reynolds Drake (NY), Mary Draper (MA), Anna Elliott (SC), Rosanna Waters Farrow (VA), Phoebe Fraunces (NY), Aunt Betty Frazee (NJ), Mary “Polly” Worall Taylor Frazer (PA), Elizabeth Freeman “Mum Bett” (MA), Sarah Bradlee Fulton (MA), Deborah Sampson Gannett (MA), Emily Geiger (SC), Mary Katherine Goddard (RI), Hannah Gorton (RI), Elizabeth Hager (PA), Anne Kennedy Hamilton (SC), Nancy Hart (GA), Molly Ludwig Hays [“Molly Pitcher”] (PA), Hannah Israel (DE), Mammy Kate (GA), Mary Knight (PA), Anna Maria Lane (VA), Dicey Langston (SC), Mrs. Latham (NY), Agnes Dickinson Lee (CT), Jeannette Leman (SC), Sybil Ludington (NY), Lydia Mackey (SC), Elizabeth, Grace & Rachel Martin (SC), Mary McClure (SC), Behethland Moore (VA), Mary Murry (NY), Mary Redmond (PA), Esther de Berdt Reed (PA), Molly “Mom” Rinker (PA), Sally Salter (NC), Sarah Hartwell Shattuck (MA), Mary Slocumb (NC), Elizabeth (Molly) Page Stark (MA), Elizabeth Steele (SC), Sally St. Clair (GA), Anna Strong (NY), Sarah Tarrant (MA), Jane Black Thomas (SC), Sarah Townsend (NY), Martha Lott van Doren (NJ), Catherine Van Winkle (NJ), Nanyehi aka Nancy Ward (TN), Hannah Watts Weston (MA), Mrs. Whitall (NJ), Eleanor Carruthers Wilson (SC), Abigail Wright (MA), Prudence Cummings Wright (MA), Mary “Polly” Wyckoff (NJ), and Elizabeth Zane (VA/WV).

It was not until the mid-eighteenth century that the British Government began to despatch Highland regiments--such as Fraser’s Highlanders, the Black Watch, and Montgomery’s Highlanders--to America. The Seven Years War, 1756-1763, otherwise known in America as the French and Indian War, led to significant recruitment in Scotland, particularly in the Highlands, for service in America. This experience led many soldiers to decide to settle in or immigrate to America. The allocation of land to former personnel in the aftermath of the war was a major incentive. 

The Seven Years War between Britain and France involved several campaigns in the West Indies. Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Scottish soldiers were garrisoned throughout the West Indian colonies; some died there, while others settled.  In 1776, on the outbreak of the American Revolution, many former soldiers who had received land grants were recalled for duty by the British Government. For example, many former Scottish soldiers who had been settled on the Mohawk Valley of upper New York joined the King’s Royal Regiment of New York. At the same time many new or recent immigrants from Scotland formed the Royal Highland Emigrant Regiment. Following the Revolution, large numbers of soldiers from former Loyalist units and from regular British Army regiments, including many Scots, were settled in what has become Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Ontario, and Quebec.

This book, the fifth part and fourth volume in a series, is based on primary and published source material located in Scotland, London, Canada, the United States, and the West Indies. For most of the 1,100 soldiers found here, Dobson provides a place of origin in Scotland, military unit, place of service or settlement in North America, and one or more dates. For many of the soldiers, he also provides birthplace, names of family members, where they were granted land, battles fought in, and more.

It was not until the mid-eighteenth century that the British Government began to despatch Highland regiments--such as Fraser’s Highlanders, the Black Watch, and Montgomery’s Highlanders--to America. The Seven Years War, 1756-1763, otherwise known in America as the French and Indian War, led to significant recruitment in Scotland, particularly in the Highlands, for service in America. This experience led many soldiers to decide to settle in or immigrate to America. The allocation of land to former personnel in the aftermath of the war was a major incentive. 

The Seven Years War between Britain and France involved several campaigns in the West Indies. Throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Scottish soldiers were garrisoned throughout the West Indian colonies; some died there, while others settled.  In 1776, on the outbreak of the American Revolution, many former soldiers who had received land grants were recalled for duty by the British Government. For example, many former Scottish soldiers who had been settled on the Mohawk Valley of upper New York joined the King’s Royal Regiment of New York. At the same time many new or recent immigrants from Scotland formed the Royal Highland Emigrant Regiment. Following the Revolution, large numbers of soldiers from former Loyalist units and from regular British Army regiments, including many Scots, were settled in what has become Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, Ontario, and Quebec.

This book, the fifth part and fourth volume in a series, is based on primary and published source material located in Scotland, London, Canada, the United States, and the West Indies. For most of the 1,100 soldiers found here, Dobson provides a place of origin in Scotland, military unit, place of service or settlement in North America, and one or more dates. For many of the soldiers, he also provides birthplace, names of family members, where they were granted land, battles fought in, and more.

The Leeward Islands form part of the Lesser Antilles, which stretch from Puerto Rico to the fringes of Venezuela.  Beginning in the seventeenth century, the Lesser Antilles attracted immigrants from Europe, initially from Spain but soon also from the British Isles, France, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia.  The Leeward Islands consist of Antigua, Barbuda, St. Kitts, Nevis, Montserrat, the Virgin Islands, St. Bartholomew, St. Martin, Guadeloupe, St. Thomas, St. Croix, and Anguilla.

During the sixteenth century the Spanish controlled the West Indies however the English, the Dutch and the French voyaged to the Caribbean, where they engaged in piracy and raiding Spanish settlements.  By the early seventeenth century they were beginning to establish permanent settlements there, such as Barbados in 1626.

The waning of Spanish power during the seventeenth century enabled Britain, France, and the Netherlands to colonize islands in the West Indies, especially the Leeward and Windward Islands.  During the eighteenth century, Britain and France were generally engaged in a power struggle, which meant that from time to time colonies changed hands; for example, Martinique was occupied by the British between 1762 and 1763, and from 1794 to 1815. The end of the Seven Years' War between Britain and France in 1763 resulted in French colonies, such as St. Vincent and Dominica, being transferred to British rule.

While most of the people in the Leewards today are of African origin, there is little data in colonial records to positively identify individuals by race; nevertheless, the people listed in this work are almost certainly of European origin--and most of them derive from Great Britain and Ireland. The majority of the latter possess English roots, with a significant minority coming from Scotland and Ireland.  During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the British government disposed of rebels and felons by transporting them for sale to the American Plantations; Cromwell sent Irish rebels, James II sent Monmouth’s rebels; and the Hanoverian kings sent Jacobites from England and Scotland, as well as thousands of petty criminals. These movements account for much of the Leewards’ Caucasian stock. Economic opportunities, especially in the tobacco, sugar, and slave trades attracted many emigrants--notably after 1763--to the "Ceded Islands," those Leeward Islands that were granted to Great Britain as part of the settlement after the Seven Years' War. Many of their descendants, both black and white, have in recent years chosen to immigrate to North America and Europe--all  of which contributes to the Leeward Islands’ complex and fascinating demographic and genealogical makeup.

This book from David Dobson is based on research into manuscript and published sources, mainly located in Great Britain, but also in the West Indies.

The Leeward Islands form part of the Lesser Antilles, which stretch from Puerto Rico to the fringes of Venezuela.  Beginning in the seventeenth century, the Lesser Antilles attracted immigrants from Europe, initially from Spain but soon also from the British Isles, France, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia.  The Leeward Islands consist of Antigua, Barbuda, St. Kitts, Nevis, Montserrat, the Virgin Islands, St. Bartholomew, St. Martin, Guadeloupe, St. Thomas, St. Croix, and Anguilla.

During the sixteenth century the Spanish controlled the West Indies however the English, the Dutch and the French voyaged to the Caribbean, where they engaged in piracy and raiding Spanish settlements.  By the early seventeenth century they were beginning to establish permanent settlements there, such as Barbados in 1626.

The waning of Spanish power during the seventeenth century enabled Britain, France, and the Netherlands to colonize islands in the West Indies, especially the Leeward and Windward Islands.  During the eighteenth century, Britain and France were generally engaged in a power struggle, which meant that from time to time colonies changed hands; for example, Martinique was occupied by the British between 1762 and 1763, and from 1794 to 1815. The end of the Seven Years' War between Britain and France in 1763 resulted in French colonies, such as St. Vincent and Dominica, being transferred to British rule.

While most of the people in the Leewards today are of African origin, there is little data in colonial records to positively identify individuals by race; nevertheless, the people listed in this work are almost certainly of European origin--and most of them derive from Great Britain and Ireland. The majority of the latter possess English roots, with a significant minority coming from Scotland and Ireland.  During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the British government disposed of rebels and felons by transporting them for sale to the American Plantations; Cromwell sent Irish rebels, James II sent Monmouth’s rebels; and the Hanoverian kings sent Jacobites from England and Scotland, as well as thousands of petty criminals. These movements account for much of the Leewards’ Caucasian stock. Economic opportunities, especially in the tobacco, sugar, and slave trades attracted many emigrants--notably after 1763--to the "Ceded Islands," those Leeward Islands that were granted to Great Britain as part of the settlement after the Seven Years' War. Many of their descendants, both black and white, have in recent years chosen to immigrate to North America and Europe--all  of which contributes to the Leeward Islands’ complex and fascinating demographic and genealogical makeup.

This book from David Dobson is based on research into manuscript and published sources, mainly located in Great Britain, but also in the West Indies.

Written by Michael A. Ports, this four-page laminated Genealogy at a Glance guide provides the information you'll need to begin and proceed successfully with your Tennessee research.

Ports starts with a discussion of Tennessee's settlement background, beginning in the late 1760s and early 1770s, when pioneers from Virginia and North Carolina settled in the Watauga, Nolichucky, and Holston river valleys. In 1796 Congress approved the admission of Tennessee as the sixteenth state, and settlers--including Scots-Irish from southwestern Virginia and Germans from Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia--poured into the state, bringing the population to over a million by 1860.

County formation began in 1777, with the creation of Washington County from the Washington District, North Carolina, and many of the records most useful to genealogy researchers are located at the county level. Therefore, a general rule of thumb, Ports states, is to begin research at the Tennessee State Library and Archives, which houses original and microfilm copies of most county records.

Included in this guide are critical details about the key record sources--vital, probate, military, tax, land, and county court records--as well as contact information for the major repositories and online resources that provide useful information for the Tennessee family researcher.

Along the way you'll find research tips and references to key websites and publications, making Genealogy at a Glance: Tennessee Genealogy Research the most helpful four pages you’ll ever read on Tennessee genealogy.

Written by Michael A. Ports, this four-page laminated Genealogy at a Glance guide provides the information you'll need to begin and proceed successfully with your Tennessee research.

Ports starts with a discussion of Tennessee's settlement background, beginning in the late 1760s and early 1770s, when pioneers from Virginia and North Carolina settled in the Watauga, Nolichucky, and Holston river valleys. In 1796 Congress approved the admission of Tennessee as the sixteenth state, and settlers--including Scots-Irish from southwestern Virginia and Germans from Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Virginia--poured into the state, bringing the population to over a million by 1860.

County formation began in 1777, with the creation of Washington County from the Washington District, North Carolina, and many of the records most useful to genealogy researchers are located at the county level. Therefore, a general rule of thumb, Ports states, is to begin research at the Tennessee State Library and Archives, which houses original and microfilm copies of most county records.

Included in this guide are critical details about the key record sources--vital, probate, military, tax, land, and county court records--as well as contact information for the major repositories and online resources that provide useful information for the Tennessee family researcher.

Along the way you'll find research tips and references to key websites and publications, making Genealogy at a Glance: Tennessee Genealogy Research the most helpful four pages you’ll ever read on Tennessee genealogy.

This is the second edition of this comprehensive guide to Polish genealogy in years. Since Polish-Americans (including the author) proliferate in Chicago and the U.S. Midwest, they are the focus; however, much of the advice set forth here will apply to the majority of U.S. residents of Polish Catholic origin, as well as to records in Poland themselves. (Persons of Polish Jewish/Lithuanian/Ruthenian ancestry are not covered in Mr. Kruski’s book.) Since Polish immigration to the United States began in earnest following the American Civil War, and was heaviest during the last quarter of the nineteenth and first quarter of the twentieth century, this era is the chronological focal point of the work.

This is the second edition of this comprehensive guide to Polish genealogy in years. Since Polish-Americans (including the author) proliferate in Chicago and the U.S. Midwest, they are the focus; however, much of the advice set forth here will apply to the majority of U.S. residents of Polish Catholic origin, as well as to records in Poland themselves. (Persons of Polish Jewish/Lithuanian/Ruthenian ancestry are not covered in Mr. Kruski’s book.) Since Polish immigration to the United States began in earnest following the American Civil War, and was heaviest during the last quarter of the nineteenth and first quarter of the twentieth century, this era is the chronological focal point of the work.

In this "at a glance" publication, Michael A. Ports brings his expertise in southern U.S. genealogy to bear in an insightful guide to South Carolina genealogical research. Genealogy at a Glance: South Carolina Genealogical Research provides all the information you'll need to begin and proceed successfully with your research. Ports starts with a discussion of South Carolina's settlement background, beginning in 1663, when King Charles II granted a charter to eight noblemen, who ruled the Province of Carolina as a proprietary colony. South Carolina established its state government on March 26, 1776.

Included in this guide are critical details about the main record sources for genealogical research--vital, probate, military, and land records. Supplemental record sources such as tax and county court records are covered as well. Ports has also included contact information for the major repositories and online resources that provide the most valuable information for the South Carolina family researcher.

The guide is sprinkled throughout with research tips and references to special resources and publications, making it the most helpful four pages you’ll ever consult on South Carolina genealogy.

In this "at a glance" publication, Michael A. Ports brings his expertise in southern U.S. genealogy to bear in an insightful guide to South Carolina genealogical research. Genealogy at a Glance: South Carolina Genealogical Research provides all the information you'll need to begin and proceed successfully with your research. Ports starts with a discussion of South Carolina's settlement background, beginning in 1663, when King Charles II granted a charter to eight noblemen, who ruled the Province of Carolina as a proprietary colony. South Carolina established its state government on March 26, 1776.

Included in this guide are critical details about the main record sources for genealogical research--vital, probate, military, and land records. Supplemental record sources such as tax and county court records are covered as well. Ports has also included contact information for the major repositories and online resources that provide the most valuable information for the South Carolina family researcher.

The guide is sprinkled throughout with research tips and references to special resources and publications, making it the most helpful four pages you’ll ever consult on South Carolina genealogy.

Irish immigration to North America can be said to have commenced in earnest in the early eighteenth century, with the Scots-Irish in 1718. There had been some Irish settlement--some involuntary--in the English colonies along the Atlantic coast in the late seventeenth century; at that time, however, much more significant numbers of Irish people could already be found in the English colonies in the West Indies and, to a limited degree, in the Dutch colonies there. For example, the island of Montserrat was almost entirely an Irish settlement. Oliver Cromwell dispatched shiploads of Irish prisoners of war to the Caribbean. There was significant trade between Ireland and the West Indies during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which led to settlement there, especially by indentured servants or by felons banished to the colonies. Some Irish men and women also immigrated to America and the West Indies via English ports such as Bristol, Liverpool, and London. By the eighteenth century the Irish comprised the largest group of immigrants from Britain to settle in the Thirteen Colonies.

The information in this book is based on information from sources--primarily located in Ireland, the United States, Canada, Scotland, and the West Indies--concerning individuals who vacated Ireland for the promise of the New World between roughly 1670 and 1830. Sources include manuscripts, newspapers and journals, monumental inscriptions, and government records. For each person identified we are given the full name, whereabouts, a date, and the source. In many cases the entries also provide the ship traveled on, occupation, name(s) of parents and/or spouse, where buried, etc.

As with some of the other volumes in this series, researchers will discover that a number of the 1,300 immigrants named here left Ireland prior to 1775.

Irish immigration to North America can be said to have commenced in earnest in the early eighteenth century, with the Scots-Irish in 1718. There had been some Irish settlement--some involuntary--in the English colonies along the Atlantic coast in the late seventeenth century; at that time, however, much more significant numbers of Irish people could already be found in the English colonies in the West Indies and, to a limited degree, in the Dutch colonies there. For example, the island of Montserrat was almost entirely an Irish settlement. Oliver Cromwell dispatched shiploads of Irish prisoners of war to the Caribbean. There was significant trade between Ireland and the West Indies during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, which led to settlement there, especially by indentured servants or by felons banished to the colonies. Some Irish men and women also immigrated to America and the West Indies via English ports such as Bristol, Liverpool, and London. By the eighteenth century the Irish comprised the largest group of immigrants from Britain to settle in the Thirteen Colonies.

The information in this book is based on information from sources--primarily located in Ireland, the United States, Canada, Scotland, and the West Indies--concerning individuals who vacated Ireland for the promise of the New World between roughly 1670 and 1830. Sources include manuscripts, newspapers and journals, monumental inscriptions, and government records. For each person identified we are given the full name, whereabouts, a date, and the source. In many cases the entries also provide the ship traveled on, occupation, name(s) of parents and/or spouse, where buried, etc.

As with some of the other volumes in this series, researchers will discover that a number of the 1,300 immigrants named here left Ireland prior to 1775.

A major hurdle experienced by many family historians in North America is making the link back across the Atlantic to Europe. This is especially true for connections from the United States before 1820, when the recording of immigrants became compulsory. Canadian genealogists have an even more difficult task, as it was only after Confederation in 1865 that the regulation of immigrants was introduced. In 1828 the British government ordered that manifests listing passengers be maintained by shipmasters; some of these have survived in Canadian archives.

This book is designed as an aid to family historians in North America researching their Irish ancestry. It identifies vessels from Ireland known to, or likely to, have been carrying passengers. Sometimes the port of embarkation may indicate the district in Ireland that the emigrants originated from. The number of ships bound from Ireland to the Caribbean implies a two-stage migration pattern for immigrants--first they arrived as indentured servants to the West Indies, then later moved to the mainland colonies. From the mid-seventeenth century onward, Ireland had a significant trade--especially in beef, dairy produce, and linen--with the English colonies in the West Indies; such trading links facilitated emigration. At the same time, the transportation of rebels and felons created sizable Irish communities in the Caribbean, such as in Montserrat. In due course there was migration from the West Indies north to the Carolinas and other British colonies in America. Most ships leaving Ireland bound for the Americas--following the winds and currents--sailed south to Madeira or the Azores, crossed to the West Indies, and from there headed north to the American colonies, though those bound for the Canadian Maritimes and New England crossed directly.

This is the fourth and final volume in the series Ships from Ireland to Early America, 1623-1850. It is based on both primary and secondary manuscript and published sources in North America, Madeira, Britain, and especially Ireland.

A major hurdle experienced by many family historians in North America is making the link back across the Atlantic to Europe. This is especially true for connections from the United States before 1820, when the recording of immigrants became compulsory. Canadian genealogists have an even more difficult task, as it was only after Confederation in 1865 that the regulation of immigrants was introduced. In 1828 the British government ordered that manifests listing passengers be maintained by shipmasters; some of these have survived in Canadian archives.

This book is designed as an aid to family historians in North America researching their Irish ancestry. It identifies vessels from Ireland known to, or likely to, have been carrying passengers. Sometimes the port of embarkation may indicate the district in Ireland that the emigrants originated from. The number of ships bound from Ireland to the Caribbean implies a two-stage migration pattern for immigrants--first they arrived as indentured servants to the West Indies, then later moved to the mainland colonies. From the mid-seventeenth century onward, Ireland had a significant trade--especially in beef, dairy produce, and linen--with the English colonies in the West Indies; such trading links facilitated emigration. At the same time, the transportation of rebels and felons created sizable Irish communities in the Caribbean, such as in Montserrat. In due course there was migration from the West Indies north to the Carolinas and other British colonies in America. Most ships leaving Ireland bound for the Americas--following the winds and currents--sailed south to Madeira or the Azores, crossed to the West Indies, and from there headed north to the American colonies, though those bound for the Canadian Maritimes and New England crossed directly.

This is the fourth and final volume in the series Ships from Ireland to Early America, 1623-1850. It is based on both primary and secondary manuscript and published sources in North America, Madeira, Britain, and especially Ireland.

The district of Buchan lies in Aberdeenshire on the northeast coast of Scotland. The people of Buchan found in this book lived in Fraserburgh and Peterhead, and the surrounding parishes of Cruden, Longside, Lonmay, St. Fergus, Crimond, Strichen, Tyrie, Pitsligo, Deer, and Aberdour during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The economy of Buchan then was largely based on agriculture, fishing, and—to a lesser extent—whaling. Fraserburgh and Peterhead were port and market towns with trading links to Scandinavia, the Baltic countries, and the Netherlands, with the occasional voyage to the Americas. Nearby Aberdeen dominated the local voyages to America and the West Indies. The earliest Buchan ship bound for America was the Star of Peterhead in 1668.

The major families in Buchan were Keith, Forbes, Gordon, Ogilvie, Fraser, Gordon, Hay, and Leslie. Emigration occurred from Buchan to various destinations in northern Europe, especially in the seventeenth century, and to the Americas in the eighteenth century. Probably the most prominent of those who went to northern Europe was James Keith from Peterhead, who became a field marshal in the service of King Frederick the Great of Prussia, while Buchan inhabitant Hugh Mercer, son of the minister of Pitsligo, became a hero of the American Revolution.

This book is based on research into manuscripts and published sources mainly located in Aberdeen and Edinburgh, including the Aberdeen City Archives, the 1667 Valuation Roll of Aberdeenshire, and The Peterhead Whaling Trade. For each person named herein, Dobson provides an occupation, specific location, a date, and the source. In many cases we also learn the name(s) of a spouse, parent, or other relative; something about an individual’s education; vessel traveled on; destination in the New World, etc.

The district of Buchan lies in Aberdeenshire on the northeast coast of Scotland. The people of Buchan found in this book lived in Fraserburgh and Peterhead, and the surrounding parishes of Cruden, Longside, Lonmay, St. Fergus, Crimond, Strichen, Tyrie, Pitsligo, Deer, and Aberdour during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. The economy of Buchan then was largely based on agriculture, fishing, and—to a lesser extent—whaling. Fraserburgh and Peterhead were port and market towns with trading links to Scandinavia, the Baltic countries, and the Netherlands, with the occasional voyage to the Americas. Nearby Aberdeen dominated the local voyages to America and the West Indies. The earliest Buchan ship bound for America was the Star of Peterhead in 1668.

The major families in Buchan were Keith, Forbes, Gordon, Ogilvie, Fraser, Gordon, Hay, and Leslie. Emigration occurred from Buchan to various destinations in northern Europe, especially in the seventeenth century, and to the Americas in the eighteenth century. Probably the most prominent of those who went to northern Europe was James Keith from Peterhead, who became a field marshal in the service of King Frederick the Great of Prussia, while Buchan inhabitant Hugh Mercer, son of the minister of Pitsligo, became a hero of the American Revolution.

This book is based on research into manuscripts and published sources mainly located in Aberdeen and Edinburgh, including the Aberdeen City Archives, the 1667 Valuation Roll of Aberdeenshire, and The Peterhead Whaling Trade. For each person named herein, Dobson provides an occupation, specific location, a date, and the source. In many cases we also learn the name(s) of a spouse, parent, or other relative; something about an individual’s education; vessel traveled on; destination in the New World, etc.

During the 17th century, as many as 100,000 Scottish Lowlanders relocated to the Plantation of Ulster (Northern Ireland). Within a few generations, the descendants of these Ulster Scots emigrated in substantial numbers across the Atlantic, where, as the Scotch-Irish (Scots-Irish), they made a major contribution to the settlement and development of colonial America.

This is the tenth part in a series compiled by Mr. Dobson to identify the Lowland Scots who migrated to Ulster between 1575 and 1725--many of whose progeny may have immigrated to America. This volume is based largely on research carried out into both manuscript and published sources located in Scotland, Ireland, England, and the Netherlands. In all, this indexed and fully sourced publication identifies an additional 3,500 persons--including a few people of Anglo-Irish or indigenous Irish origin--who may have immigrated to North America during the period under investigation. Here is just one of them:

BLACKWOOD, JOHN, a tenant in Ballymacormick and Ballyleely near Bangor, County Down, in 1681. [HM]; John Blackwood of Ballyleidy, born 1662, died 11 July 1720, husband of Ann Blackwood, born 1673, died 12 September 1741. [Old Abbey Church gravestone, Bangor, County Down]

During the 17th century, as many as 100,000 Scottish Lowlanders relocated to the Plantation of Ulster (Northern Ireland). Within a few generations, the descendants of these Ulster Scots emigrated in substantial numbers across the Atlantic, where, as the Scotch-Irish (Scots-Irish), they made a major contribution to the settlement and development of colonial America.

This is the tenth part in a series compiled by Mr. Dobson to identify the Lowland Scots who migrated to Ulster between 1575 and 1725--many of whose progeny may have immigrated to America. This volume is based largely on research carried out into both manuscript and published sources located in Scotland, Ireland, England, and the Netherlands. In all, this indexed and fully sourced publication identifies an additional 3,500 persons--including a few people of Anglo-Irish or indigenous Irish origin--who may have immigrated to North America during the period under investigation. Here is just one of them:

BLACKWOOD, JOHN, a tenant in Ballymacormick and Ballyleely near Bangor, County Down, in 1681. [HM]; John Blackwood of Ballyleidy, born 1662, died 11 July 1720, husband of Ann Blackwood, born 1673, died 12 September 1741. [Old Abbey Church gravestone, Bangor, County Down]

Cork lies on the south-west coast of Ireland, in the Province of Munster, and is one of the biggest cities on the island. From the 17th century onward the port of Cork had significant trading links with America and the West Indies and became a major port used by Irish emigrants. The port of Cork was where many convoys assembled before crossing the Atlantic during the wars of the 18th century. The motto of the city of Cork, statio fida carinis, which translated is "a trustworthy anchorage for ships," symbolizes why Cork became the principal harbor of the region and was of supreme importance for trade and emigration. Cork was an important link with the colonies in America and the Caribbean, with Bristol and other British ports, and with major Continental ports as well.

This book, part of a series devoted to the 17th- and 18th-century populations of important cities in Ireland, has been researched and compiled from a range of primary sources, mainly in Ireland but also in England, Scotland, the Netherlands, and the United States. While it is in no way comprehensive, the book does identify several thousand inhabitants of the city of Cork during the 17th and 18th centuries whose families could have ultimately made their way to the Americas, and often leads to documents that should facilitate the research undertaken by historians and genealogists interested in the people of Cork. Most entries identify the inhabitant by name, occupation, and a date. A number of them also provide such additional information as the names of family members, when emigrated, education, military service, and so on.

Cork lies on the south-west coast of Ireland, in the Province of Munster, and is one of the biggest cities on the island. From the 17th century onward the port of Cork had significant trading links with America and the West Indies and became a major port used by Irish emigrants. The port of Cork was where many convoys assembled before crossing the Atlantic during the wars of the 18th century. The motto of the city of Cork, statio fida carinis, which translated is "a trustworthy anchorage for ships," symbolizes why Cork became the principal harbor of the region and was of supreme importance for trade and emigration. Cork was an important link with the colonies in America and the Caribbean, with Bristol and other British ports, and with major Continental ports as well.

This book, part of a series devoted to the 17th- and 18th-century populations of important cities in Ireland, has been researched and compiled from a range of primary sources, mainly in Ireland but also in England, Scotland, the Netherlands, and the United States. While it is in no way comprehensive, the book does identify several thousand inhabitants of the city of Cork during the 17th and 18th centuries whose families could have ultimately made their way to the Americas, and often leads to documents that should facilitate the research undertaken by historians and genealogists interested in the people of Cork. Most entries identify the inhabitant by name, occupation, and a date. A number of them also provide such additional information as the names of family members, when emigrated, education, military service, and so on.

The eighteenth century saw the transformation of the economy and society of Scotland from being relatively primitive, compared to those of mercantile rivals England and the Netherlands, to being one of the most-developed European nations of the period. Several factors came together to create this situation, of which the single-most important was Scotland’s level of participation in transatlantic trade.  Raw materials were obtained from the American colonies, which allowed Scotland to process new items for trade, notably tobacco and timber. Also, benefits were increasingly obtained from the access to capital, technology, and expertise from England, Holland, and France--all feeding the industrial revolution in Scotland.

The colonial city of Charleston, South Carolina, grew to become the center of commerce for the southern region of British North America, comprising South Carolina, much of North Carolina, and Georgia. This region had links with the West Indies, Africa, the lower Mississippi valley, and latterly Florida. It largely produced, processed, and exported all the major colonial raw materials, timber, furs, sugar, rice, indigo, and--to a small extent--tobacco.

Drawing upon original sources found in both Scotland and Charleston, David Dobson here identifies the Scots merchants doing business in Charleston as well the merchants in Scotland with whom they traded. Also covered are the quantities and types of goods bought and sold; the importance of family connections and networking in the success of Scotland’s trading ventures, both in financial terms and the wider commercial activities generated; the role of ship-building; Scottish emigration, both voluntary and involuntary; and other factors that characterized the Charleston-Scotland nexus.

As eighteenth-century South Carolina was unarguably an economy based on slavery, it was virtually impossible for any resident there not to be either directly or indirectly involved in the use of slave labor. Chapter Five of this work examines the extent to which--and in which capacities--Scots participated in the slave trade between Africa, the West Indies, and South Carolina. It considers the selection of slaves; their transportation, sale, and eventual employment in the colony; and the available evidence of the number of slaving voyages in which the Charleston Scots were involved, the numbers of slaves landed in Charleston, and the locations in Africa or the West Indies from which they came. 

Another chapter deals with colonial produce exported by Scots merchants from Charleston bound for Scotland and Europe. It examines the items despatched, either raw materials or semi-processed goods that Charleston was in a position to export, and the extent to which they were locally produced within South Carolina or brought in from elsewhere in America, the colonies in and around the Caribbean, or even Africa. The chapter shows the markets that these merchants supplied and how the restrictions of the Navigation Acts were set aside to enable commerce to expand. It also covers the impact of international rivalry and periods of hostilities on the Charleston trade. 

Most of Dobson’s original research for Scottish Trade with Colonial Charleston was conducted in Charleston, London, and Edinburgh. The main sources were the library of the South Carolina Historical Society in Charleston, the National Archives (formerly the Public Record Office) in London, and National Records of Scotland in Edinburgh (formerly the Scottish Record Office). The State Library in Raleigh, North Carolina, especially its massive British Colonial Records collection, was another major source of information.

The eighteenth century saw the transformation of the economy and society of Scotland from being relatively primitive, compared to those of mercantile rivals England and the Netherlands, to being one of the most-developed European nations of the period. Several factors came together to create this situation, of which the single-most important was Scotland’s level of participation in transatlantic trade.  Raw materials were obtained from the American colonies, which allowed Scotland to process new items for trade, notably tobacco and timber. Also, benefits were increasingly obtained from the access to capital, technology, and expertise from England, Holland, and France--all feeding the industrial revolution in Scotland.

The colonial city of Charleston, South Carolina, grew to become the center of commerce for the southern region of British North America, comprising South Carolina, much of North Carolina, and Georgia. This region had links with the West Indies, Africa, the lower Mississippi valley, and latterly Florida. It largely produced, processed, and exported all the major colonial raw materials, timber, furs, sugar, rice, indigo, and--to a small extent--tobacco.

Drawing upon original sources found in both Scotland and Charleston, David Dobson here identifies the Scots merchants doing business in Charleston as well the merchants in Scotland with whom they traded. Also covered are the quantities and types of goods bought and sold; the importance of family connections and networking in the success of Scotland’s trading ventures, both in financial terms and the wider commercial activities generated; the role of ship-building; Scottish emigration, both voluntary and involuntary; and other factors that characterized the Charleston-Scotland nexus.

As eighteenth-century South Carolina was unarguably an economy based on slavery, it was virtually impossible for any resident there not to be either directly or indirectly involved in the use of slave labor. Chapter Five of this work examines the extent to which--and in which capacities--Scots participated in the slave trade between Africa, the West Indies, and South Carolina. It considers the selection of slaves; their transportation, sale, and eventual employment in the colony; and the available evidence of the number of slaving voyages in which the Charleston Scots were involved, the numbers of slaves landed in Charleston, and the locations in Africa or the West Indies from which they came. 

Another chapter deals with colonial produce exported by Scots merchants from Charleston bound for Scotland and Europe. It examines the items despatched, either raw materials or semi-processed goods that Charleston was in a position to export, and the extent to which they were locally produced within South Carolina or brought in from elsewhere in America, the colonies in and around the Caribbean, or even Africa. The chapter shows the markets that these merchants supplied and how the restrictions of the Navigation Acts were set aside to enable commerce to expand. It also covers the impact of international rivalry and periods of hostilities on the Charleston trade. 

Most of Dobson’s original research for Scottish Trade with Colonial Charleston was conducted in Charleston, London, and Edinburgh. The main sources were the library of the South Carolina Historical Society in Charleston, the National Archives (formerly the Public Record Office) in London, and National Records of Scotland in Edinburgh (formerly the Scottish Record Office). The State Library in Raleigh, North Carolina, especially its massive British Colonial Records collection, was another major source of information.

The County of Fife is on the east coast of Scotland and lies between two river estuaries--to the south lies the Firth of Forth and to the north lies the Firth of Tay. During the Dark Ages, Fife formed a distinct Pictish kingdom, but since the medieval period it has been fully integrated into the kingdom of Scotland. King James VI of Scotland [later King James I of England] described Fife as "a beggar’s mantle with a golden fringe" due to the prosperity of the coastal burghs from St Andrews in the east to Kirkcaldy and Dunfermline in the west, with several important fishing villages lying in between.

During the period 1600-1799, the economy of Fife was based on exports of fish, coal, salt, agricultural produce, linen, and other textiles. Its seafaring communities were engaged in fishing and whaling, with trading voyages to ports in Scandinavia, the Baltic lands, Germany, the Netherlands, France, Spain, and the Americas. These shipping links led in due course to emigration. Among such emigrants were John Cunningham, who led a Danish expedition to Greenland and Labrador in 1605, later settling in Norway; General John Forbes, who fought in the French and Indian War and is buried in Philadelphia; and Samuel Greig, 1735-1788, the founder of the Russian Navy. Another notable son was Adam Smith, 1723-1790, economist and author of The Wealth of Nations, who was born in Kirkcaldy.

This book is based on research into primary source material, both manuscript and printed, largely found in archives in both Fife and in Edinburgh. Dr. Dobson’s sources included the Kirkcaldy burgess rolls, the Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, and newspapers such as the Edinburgh Advertiser and Edinburgh Evening Courant. While the contents of the 2,000-plus entries of Fife inhabitants varies considerably, the following sample conveys an idea of what researchers may hope to find in the work as a whole:

WEST, JAMES, born 11 June 1791, son of John West in Kirkcaldy, emigrated to America in 1815, settled in Wood County, West Virginia, died in Fox Township, Ohio, in 1851. [OVG.125]

The County of Fife is on the east coast of Scotland and lies between two river estuaries--to the south lies the Firth of Forth and to the north lies the Firth of Tay. During the Dark Ages, Fife formed a distinct Pictish kingdom, but since the medieval period it has been fully integrated into the kingdom of Scotland. King James VI of Scotland [later King James I of England] described Fife as "a beggar’s mantle with a golden fringe" due to the prosperity of the coastal burghs from St Andrews in the east to Kirkcaldy and Dunfermline in the west, with several important fishing villages lying in between.

During the period 1600-1799, the economy of Fife was based on exports of fish, coal, salt, agricultural produce, linen, and other textiles. Its seafaring communities were engaged in fishing and whaling, with trading voyages to ports in Scandinavia, the Baltic lands, Germany, the Netherlands, France, Spain, and the Americas. These shipping links led in due course to emigration. Among such emigrants were John Cunningham, who led a Danish expedition to Greenland and Labrador in 1605, later settling in Norway; General John Forbes, who fought in the French and Indian War and is buried in Philadelphia; and Samuel Greig, 1735-1788, the founder of the Russian Navy. Another notable son was Adam Smith, 1723-1790, economist and author of The Wealth of Nations, who was born in Kirkcaldy.

This book is based on research into primary source material, both manuscript and printed, largely found in archives in both Fife and in Edinburgh. Dr. Dobson’s sources included the Kirkcaldy burgess rolls, the Register of the Privy Council of Scotland, and newspapers such as the Edinburgh Advertiser and Edinburgh Evening Courant. While the contents of the 2,000-plus entries of Fife inhabitants varies considerably, the following sample conveys an idea of what researchers may hope to find in the work as a whole:

WEST, JAMES, born 11 June 1791, son of John West in Kirkcaldy, emigrated to America in 1815, settled in Wood County, West Virginia, died in Fox Township, Ohio, in 1851. [OVG.125]

The place name Strathmore is derived from the Gaelic words An Srath Mor, signifying the broad or big valley. Strathmore lies in eastern Scotland, between the Grampian Mountains and the Sidlaw Hills, and runs in a north-east direction from Perth through eastern Perthshire, toward the Mearns, alias Kincardineshire. Strathmore is a fertile valley containing several small towns and many farming communities.               

The emphasis of this book is on that part of Strathmore lying within the county of Angus (formerly known as Forfarshire); the western part of Strathmore, which lies in Perthshire, has been covered by David Dobson in his book The People of Lowland Perthshire. The People of Strathmore identifies people living in the small towns, or burghs, of Kirriemuir, Forfar, and Brechin, as well as all the parishes in the area.

The major land-owning families of Strathmore were the Lyons based at Glamis, the Ogilvies at Cortachy, the Lindsays at Edzell, the Guthries at Guthrie, and the Carnegies (antecedents of the famous Andrew) at Farnell and at Kinnaird. These families were generally Royalist and, together with their followers, gave substantial support to the Jacobite cause in the 18th century. The Davidsons--of Harley-Davidson fame--were from Strathmore, and the book contains one of that name there, obviously of an earlier generation.

The People of Strathmore identifies over 3,000 inhabitants of that area between 1600 and 1799. In compiling this work, David Dobson has drawn on numerous primary sources, including the Angus Archives, the National Records of Scotland in Edinburgh, the records of the Royal Burgh of Forfar, and the Register of the Privy Council of Scotland series. He identifies each of the alphabetically arranged Strathmore individuals by name, occupation or other status, a date, and the source of the data. When available, he also indicates the names of the inhabitant’s relatives, vessel traveled on, education, and other particulars.

The place name Strathmore is derived from the Gaelic words An Srath Mor, signifying the broad or big valley. Strathmore lies in eastern Scotland, between the Grampian Mountains and the Sidlaw Hills, and runs in a north-east direction from Perth through eastern Perthshire, toward the Mearns, alias Kincardineshire. Strathmore is a fertile valley containing several small towns and many farming communities.               

The emphasis of this book is on that part of Strathmore lying within the county of Angus (formerly known as Forfarshire); the western part of Strathmore, which lies in Perthshire, has been covered by David Dobson in his book The People of Lowland Perthshire. The People of Strathmore identifies people living in the small towns, or burghs, of Kirriemuir, Forfar, and Brechin, as well as all the parishes in the area.

The major land-owning families of Strathmore were the Lyons based at Glamis, the Ogilvies at Cortachy, the Lindsays at Edzell, the Guthries at Guthrie, and the Carnegies (antecedents of the famous Andrew) at Farnell and at Kinnaird. These families were generally Royalist and, together with their followers, gave substantial support to the Jacobite cause in the 18th century. The Davidsons--of Harley-Davidson fame--were from Strathmore, and the book contains one of that name there, obviously of an earlier generation.

The People of Strathmore identifies over 3,000 inhabitants of that area between 1600 and 1799. In compiling this work, David Dobson has drawn on numerous primary sources, including the Angus Archives, the National Records of Scotland in Edinburgh, the records of the Royal Burgh of Forfar, and the Register of the Privy Council of Scotland series. He identifies each of the alphabetically arranged Strathmore individuals by name, occupation or other status, a date, and the source of the data. When available, he also indicates the names of the inhabitant’s relatives, vessel traveled on, education, and other particulars.

From 1983 to 1993 the Genealogical Company published seven volumes in a series by David Dobson entitled Directory of Scottish Settlers in North America, 1625-1825. That series, which was based on a wide range of sources, was thought to have been completed by 1993, and thereafter the author's emphasis was on specific colonies or regions of the Americas--for example Scots in Georgia and the Deep South, 1735-1845, or Scots in Jamaica, 1655-1855--or related topics such as Ships from Scotland to America, 1628-1828. However, since 1993 Dobson's ongoing research in often obscure sources has unearthed a substantial number of references to Scottish immigrants in America, Canada, and the West Indies, for the period 1625-1825. The quantity and the quality of these sources--located in Scottish, English, American, Canadian and Dutch archives--has justified this volume of more than 1,000 references to early Scots in the Americas, many of which were previously unknown to researchers.

From 1983 to 1993 the Genealogical Company published seven volumes in a series by David Dobson entitled Directory of Scottish Settlers in North America, 1625-1825. That series, which was based on a wide range of sources, was thought to have been completed by 1993, and thereafter the author's emphasis was on specific colonies or regions of the Americas--for example Scots in Georgia and the Deep South, 1735-1845, or Scots in Jamaica, 1655-1855--or related topics such as Ships from Scotland to America, 1628-1828. However, since 1993 Dobson's ongoing research in often obscure sources has unearthed a substantial number of references to Scottish immigrants in America, Canada, and the West Indies, for the period 1625-1825. The quantity and the quality of these sources--located in Scottish, English, American, Canadian and Dutch archives--has justified this volume of more than 1,000 references to early Scots in the Americas, many of which were previously unknown to researchers.

In 1689 James Stuart, King of Scotland, England, and Ireland, abandoned his thrones and went into exile in France, to be replaced by William and Mary as sovereigns. Thereafter, there were several attempts by supporters of the House of Stuart, known as Jacobites, to replace the new House of Hanover and restore the former royal family. One of these was the Great Rising, alias "the '15." As a rough rule of thumb, Scotland north of Stirling was pro-Jacobite while south of Stirling it was pro-Hanoverian. Practical military support for the Stuarts came mainly from the conservative north-east of Scotland, the Grampian Highlands, and Inverness-shire. There were also pockets of Jacobitism in the Scottish Lowlands, Northumberland, Lancashire, and south-western England.

Who were the people who provided the military and civilian support that was so essential and who, in many cases, suffered transportation, exile, banishment, or a loss of social or economic position within their community? Information on the ordinary Jacobites is generally difficult to find, apart from those who fell into the hands of the government. This volume, however, provides a partial list of Jacobites of 1715 based on manuscript or printed primary sources. This compilation has been accumulated over several years, and some of the data has been used in Mr. Dobson’s previous books, such as Dictionary of Scots Banished to the American Plantations, 1650–1715. At the same time, there is significant new material in the book resulting from more intensive research; for example, from Richard MacGregor, who provided information on those Jacobites held in Lancaster Jail. Another new source was the Sheriff Court of Argyll, where all adult men living in Mull, Iona, Tiree, and other islands, as well on Morvern, were identified as to name, residence, weapons held, and whether they had fought for the Jacobite cause in 1715. Dr. Dobson has also scrutinized burgh records and estate papers of major landowners, such as the Earl of Dalhousie. In all, this mostly new collection identifies about 2,500 Jacobites of 1715 by name, date, place, and source, and in many cases by locality of origin, name of family member(s), name of vessel traveled upon, and destination in the Americas.

In 1689 James Stuart, King of Scotland, England, and Ireland, abandoned his thrones and went into exile in France, to be replaced by William and Mary as sovereigns. Thereafter, there were several attempts by supporters of the House of Stuart, known as Jacobites, to replace the new House of Hanover and restore the former royal family. One of these was the Great Rising, alias "the '15." As a rough rule of thumb, Scotland north of Stirling was pro-Jacobite while south of Stirling it was pro-Hanoverian. Practical military support for the Stuarts came mainly from the conservative north-east of Scotland, the Grampian Highlands, and Inverness-shire. There were also pockets of Jacobitism in the Scottish Lowlands, Northumberland, Lancashire, and south-western England.

Who were the people who provided the military and civilian support that was so essential and who, in many cases, suffered transportation, exile, banishment, or a loss of social or economic position within their community? Information on the ordinary Jacobites is generally difficult to find, apart from those who fell into the hands of the government. This volume, however, provides a partial list of Jacobites of 1715 based on manuscript or printed primary sources. This compilation has been accumulated over several years, and some of the data has been used in Mr. Dobson’s previous books, such as Dictionary of Scots Banished to the American Plantations, 1650–1715. At the same time, there is significant new material in the book resulting from more intensive research; for example, from Richard MacGregor, who provided information on those Jacobites held in Lancaster Jail. Another new source was the Sheriff Court of Argyll, where all adult men living in Mull, Iona, Tiree, and other islands, as well on Morvern, were identified as to name, residence, weapons held, and whether they had fought for the Jacobite cause in 1715. Dr. Dobson has also scrutinized burgh records and estate papers of major landowners, such as the Earl of Dalhousie. In all, this mostly new collection identifies about 2,500 Jacobites of 1715 by name, date, place, and source, and in many cases by locality of origin, name of family member(s), name of vessel traveled upon, and destination in the Americas.

Warwick County, which merged with the city of Warwick in 1952, was one of Virginia's original shires upon its creation in 1634. (The name changed from Warwick River County to simply Warwick County in 1642-1643.) Transcriber Richard Dunn has previously compiled three volumes on the colonial records of this county (a large base volume, a 32-page supplement, and an earlier edition of this book). This second edition of Warwick County, Virginia, Court Records in Transcription covers eight more years than the first edition.

For this compilation Mr. Dunn examined original records at the Library of Virginia and two special collections at the Swem Library of the College of William and Mary, namely, the Virginia Counties collection and the Southall Papers. Arranged by repository and thereunder chronologically, the entries derive from court records, deeds, wills, writs, and a variety of miscellaneous records.

While the contents of the transcribed records vary, the wills and deeds, in particular, establish relationships between family members and, therefore, are of great value to Warwick County descendants. In the aggregate, moreover, these transcriptions identify thousands of additional residents of Warwick County between 1782 and 1851—with many of their antecedents. Thanks to Richard Dunn's indefatigable efforts—and the complete name index at the back of the volume--these heretofore inaccessible ancestors have not only been rescued from oblivion but are now available to us at the turn of a page.